The important of acid-base reaction: 1. is a simple, fundamental reaction. 2. enable you to see the mechanism of the reaction 3. illustrate the process of bond breaking and bond making 4. examine important ideas about the relationship between the structure of molecules and their reactivity

Chapter 6 Ionic Reactions--- Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of alkylhalides (卤代烃的亲核取代反 Because halogen atoms are more electronegative 应和消除反应） than carbon, the carbon-halogen bond of alkyl halides is polarized; the carbon atom bears a partial positive charge, the halogen atom a partial negative charge

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) , are, respectively , the molecules that preserve here￾ditary information and that transcribe and translate it in a way that allows the synthesis of all the varied proteins of the cell 25.2 NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES

人体液循环系统分为心血管系统和淋巴系统两部分(图 9-13)。 心血管系统由心、动脉、静脉和毛细血管组成，其中有血液流动。心有节律性地舒缩，是血液循环的动力， 它将血液射入动脉，最后流经周身的毛细血管网，再经各级静脉流回心。淋巴系统由淋巴管道、淋巴器官和淋 巴组织组成。在淋巴管道内含有流动的淋巴，最后由淋巴导管流入静脉中，因此淋巴系统是静脉管道的辅助结 构(图 9-14)

绿色植物和某些微生物通过光合作用将 CO2 及水合成糖类，人类及其它生物则利用糖类作为重要的 碳源和能源，以供给机体生命活动的需要。糖代谢是指糖类在生物体内的合成和分解过程

脂肪酸是高等动、植物的重要能源。脂肪在动物脂肪组织、细胞中可大量储存。植物的种子和果实中 常储有大量脂肪。脂肪酸对正常膳食的人约提供所需全部能量的 40％。对于饥饿或冬眠动物以及候鸟迁移 时，脂肪酸则更是主要的能量来源

II. Viral Replication病毒复制 9.4 General Features of Virus Replication 9.5 Virus Multiplication: Attachment and Penetration 9.6 Virus Multiplication: Production of Virual Nucleic Acid and Protein 9.7 Virus Multiplications: Assembly and release of virus III. Viral Diversity 9.8 Overview of Bacterial Viruses 9.9 Virulent Bacteriophages and T4 9.10 Temperate Bacteriophages and Bacteriophage: Lambda

核酸存在于每一个活细胞中，是遗传信息的携带者和传递者。核酸由核苷酸所组成，核苷酸的组成物质为嘌呤、嘧啶、核酸及核糖(或脱氧核糖)

8.10 Signal transduction and two-component regulatory system VI. Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in gene expression V. RNA-Based Regulation 8.11 RNA Regulation and Antisense RNA 8.12 Riboswitches 8.13 Attenuation 弱化作用

III. DNA-Binding Proteins and Regulation of Transcription by Negative and Positive Control (Transcriptional level regulation) DNA结合蛋白与转录水平的调控 8.5 Negative control of transcription: Repression and Induction转录的负调控 8.6 Positive Control of Transcription ----Activator mediated regulation by protein-DNA binding IV. Global Regulation Mechanisms 8.7 Catabolite Repression ----Global control and the lac operon代谢分解物抑制 8.8 Other global control network 8.9 Quorum Sensing 群体感应