(1)营寄生生活或自由生活 (2)两侧对称,三胚层,具有完善的器官系统。 (3)排泄系统一般由焰细胞( flame cell)和排泄管 构成。 (5)神经系统包括一个脑。 (6)缺体腔,器官之间的空隙充满实质组织 (7)雌雄同体

(1)大多数为海生,某些种类为陆生,少数种营共栖或寄生生活。 (2)三胚层、无体腔、两侧对称,体不分节,长形,呈扁平状。 (3)消化管背方有吻。 (4)带有纤毛的表皮复盖体外和消化管内表面 (5)消化管有口和肛门

13.1 Photosynthesis 13.2 Chlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophylls 叶绿素与菌绿素 13.3 Accessory pigments 其它色素 13.4 Anoxygenic Photosynthesis: purple bacteria as example 不产氧光合作用 13.5 Oxygenic photosythesis 产氧光合作用

13.15 Fermentations: Energetic and redox consideration 13.16 Fermentative Diversity 13.17 Fermentations lacking substrate level phosphorylation 13.18 Anaerobic respiration: : General Principles 13.19 Nitrate reduction and Denitrification硝酸还原与反硝化 13.20 Sulfate Reduction 硫还原 13.21 Methanogenesis 产甲烷过程 13.22 Other Electron Acceptors

I. Symbioses between Microorganisms II. Plants as Microbial Habitats 2. The Legume–Root Nodule Symbiosis 3. Agrobacterium and Crown Gall Disease 4. Mycorrhizae III. Animals as Microbial Habitats 5. The Mammalian Gut 6. The Rumen and Ruminant Animals 7. The Human Microbiome 8. Termites

I. The Phylogeny of Bacteria • 17.1 Phylogenetic Overview of Bacteria II. Phototrophic, Chemolithotrophic, and Methanotrophic Proteobacteria • 17.2 Purple Phototrophic Bacteria • 17.3 The Nitrifying Bacteria • 17.4 Sulfur- and Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria • 17.5 Hydrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria • 17.6 Methanotrophs and Methylotrophs III. Aerobic and Facultatively Aerobic Chemoorganotrophic Proteobacteria • 17.7 Pseudomonas and the Pseudomonads • 17.8 Acetic Acid Bacteria • 17.9 Free-Living Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria • 17.10 Neisseria, Chromobacterium, and Relatives • 17.11 Enteric Bacteria • 17.12 Vibrio, Aliivibrio, and Photobacterium • 17.13 Rickettsias V. Delta- and Epsilonproteobacteria • 17.17 Myxobacteria • 17.18 Sulfate- and Sulfur-Reducing Proteobacteria • 17.19 The Epsilonproteobacteria

18.10 Fungi 真菌 18.10.1 Fungal Physiology, Structure, and Symbioses 18.10.2 Fungal Reproduction and Phylogeny Chen Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 18.10.3 Filamentous Fungi: Molds 18.10.4 Macroscopic Fungi: Mushrooms大型真菌:蘑菇 18.10.5 Unicellular 18.11 Algae 藻类 Fungi: Yeasts

5.10 Effect of Temperature on Growth 5.11 Microbial growth at cold temperatures 5.12 Microbial growth at high temperatures 5.14 Osmotic Effects on Microbial Growth 渗透压影响 5.15 Oxygen and microbial growth Aerobes好氧菌 • Strict Aerobes专性好氧菌 • Microaerophiles微好氧菌 • Facultative aerobes兼性好氧菌 Anaerobes厌氧菌 • Aerotolerant anaerobes耐氧的厌氧菌 • Obligate (strict) anaerobes专性厌氧菌 5.16 Toxic forms of oxygen

I. Physical Antimicrobial Control 6.1 Heat Sterilization 6.2 Radiation Sterilization 6.3 Filter Sterilization II. Chemical Antimicrobial Control Antiseptics防腐剂 Disinfectants消毒剂 Sterilants杀菌剂 6.4 Chemical Growth Control 6.4.1 Effect of antimicrobial agents on growth 6.4.2 Measuring antimcirobial activity 6.5 Chemical antimicrobial agents for external use

I. Bacterial Cell Division 5.1 Cell Growth and Binary Fission 5.2 Fts proteins and the cell division plane 5.3 Peptidoglycan synthesis and cell division 肽聚糖合成与细胞分裂 5.4 Growth terminology and the concept of exponential growth 5.5 The mathematics of exponential growth 5.6 The Growth Cycle 生长周期