We have seen that every word of two or more syllables, when said alone, has a stress on one of its syllables. This is called word-stress. But in connected speech we do not hear a stress on every word. Some words lose their stresses, especially when we talk quickly, other words keep their stresses and these stressed syllables form what is called sentence-stress

When we talk, we don't talk in single words but in groups of words spoken continuously. These groups of words which are closely connected in meaning and in grammar are called sense groups. sense group is tone-group-(语调群) in intonation. long sentence can be cut up into two or more tone-groups We may make a short pause after each group, but not during the group

The importance of phonetic study 1) Phonetics is the science of speech sounds. It deals with the sound system of a language. A language consists of three important elements, namely, speech sounds, vocabulary and grammar. Speech

随着大规模集成电路和计算机技术的飞速发展,数字信号处理(DSP)技术已经渗 透到几乎各个领域,包括计算机语音学、计算机视觉、计算机多媒体技术、超文本 数据传输等各个领域,而用于进行数字信号处理的专用DSP芯片的性能价格比也在 惊人地增加。目前DSP的主要生产厂家有 Analog Devices,inc.公司、 Texas Instruments 公司、AT&T、 Motorala公司、NEC公司等,而笔者认为在诸多DSP生产厂家中, TI公司和ADI公司是比较突出的,他们将以其产品的独特性而成为DSP芯片市场 的主要领导者之一

一、连续信源的熵和互信息 二、信息率失真理论 三、标量量化编码 四、矢量量化编码 五、语音压缩编码 六、图象压缩编码

Chapter one 1. Definition of language There is no universally accepted definition of language. But one definition is more popular language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(语言是人类用 来交际的具有任意性的语音符号体系。)

Why use phonemic symbols? The alphabet which we use to write English has 26 letters but (British) English has 44 sounds. Inevitably, English spelling is not a reliable guide to pronunciation because Some letters have more than one sound Sometimes letters are not pronounced at all The same sound may be represented by different letters

English Nasals, Approximants & Lateral(s) The English consonants can be classified according to place of articulation manner of articulation

Vowelsstylised oral cavitycoordinates to marktongue height

In addition to the 'pure vowels' (ones where the tongue positioning is fairly static) shown above there is also the set of vowel diphthongs. These are effectively long vowels during which the tongue moves to produce a definite change of quality during the sound. In phonetic transcription we usually use a pair of linked symbols for each diphthong - one indicating the quality of the sound at the start of the vowel, and the other indicating its quality as it ends. Examples of diphthongs are found in words like 'boy', 'hear', 'may', 'my