ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Seventh Edition STANLEY E. MANAHAN LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION Emvironmental chemistry, Seventh Edition, continues much the same organizational structure, level, and emphasis that have been developed through preceding editions. In addition to providing updated material in the rapidly developing area of environmental chemistry, this edition emphasizes several major concepts that are proving essential to the practice of environmental chemistry at the beginning of the new millennium. These include the concept of the anthrosphere as a distinct sphere of the environment and the practice of industrial ecology sometimes known as green chemistry" as it applies to chemical science Chapter I serves as an introduction to environmental science, technology, and chemistry. Chapter 2 defines and discusses the anthrosphere, industrial ecosystems and their relationship to environmental chemistry. Chapters 3 through 8 deal with aquatic chemistry Chapters 9 through 14 discuss atmospheric chemistry. Chapter 14 emphasizes the greatest success story of environmental chemistry to date, the study of ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons which resulted in the first Nobel prize awarded in environmental chemistry. It also emphasizes the greenhouse effect, which may be the greatest of all threats to the global environment as we know it Chapters 15 and 16 deal with the geosphere, the latter chapter emphasizing soil and agricultural chemistry. Included in the discussion of agricultural chemistry is the important and controversial new area of of transgenic crops. Another area discussed is that of conservation tillage, which makes limited use of herbicides to grow crops with minimum soil disturbance Chapters 17 through 20 cover several aspects of industrial ecology and how relates to material and energy resources, recycling, and hazardous waste Chapters 21 through 23 cover the biosphere. Chapter 21 is an overview of biochemistry with emphasis upon environmental aspects. Chapter 22 introduces and outlines the topic of toxicological chemistry. Chapter 23 discusses the toxicological chemistry of various classes of chemical substances Chapters 24 through 27 deal with environmental chemical analysis, including ter wastes, air and xenobiotics in biological materials The last two chapters of the book, 28 and 29 include an overview of general o 2000 CRC Press llc
PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION __________________________ __________________________ Environmental chemistry, Seventh Edition, continues much the same organizational structure, level, and emphasis that have been developed through preceding editions. In addition to providing updated material in the rapidly developing area of environmental chemistry, this edition emphasizes several major concepts that are proving essential to the practice of environmental chemistry at the beginning of the new millennium. These include the concept of the anthrosphere as a distinct sphere of the environment and the practice of industrial ecology, sometimes known as “green chemistry” as it applies to chemical science. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to environmental science, technology, and chemistry. Chapter 2 defines and discusses the anthrosphere, industrial ecosystems, and their relationship to environmental chemistry. Chapters 3 through 8 deal with aquatic chemistry. Chapters 9 through 14 discuss atmospheric chemistry. Chapter 14 emphasizes the greatest success story of environmental chemistry to date, the study of ozonedepleting chlorofluorocarbons which resulted in the first Nobel prize awarded in environmental chemistry. It also emphasizes the greenhouse effect, which may be the greatest of all threats to the global environment as we know it. Chapters 15 and 16 deal with the geosphere, the latter chapter emphasizing soil and agricultural chemistry. Included in the discussion of agricultural chemistry is the important and controversial new area of of transgenic crops. Another area discussed is that of conservation tillage, which makes limited use of herbicides to grow crops with minimum soil disturbance. Chapters 17 through 20 cover several aspects of industrial ecology and how it relates to material and energy resources, recycling, and hazardous waste. Chapters 21 through 23 cover the biosphere. Chapter 21 is an overview of biochemistry with emphasis upon environmental aspects. Chapter 22 introduces and outlines the topic of toxicological chemistry. Chapter 23 discusses the toxicological chemistry of various classes of chemical substances. Chapters 24 through 27 deal with environmental chemical analysis, including water, wastes, air, and xenobiotics in biological materials. The last two chapters of the book, 28 and 29 include an overview of general © 2000 CRC Press LLC
chemistry and of organic chemistry. Although the book is designed for readers who have a good understanding of general chemistry and some knowledge of organic chemistry, these last chapters can serve as resource materials for individuals who may not have a very good background in chemistry The author welcomes comments and questions from readers. He can be reached by e-mail at manahan(@missouri. edu C 2000 CRC Press llc
chemistry and of organic chemistry. Although the book is designed for readers who have a good understanding of general chemistry and some knowledge of organic chemistry, these last chapters can serve as resource materials for individuals who may not have a very good background in chemistry. The author welcomes comments and questions from readers. He can be reached by e-mail at manahans@missouri.edu. © 2000 CRC Press LLC
taney e. Manahan is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Missouri Columbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965 and is President of Chem Char Research, Inc, a firm developing non-incinerative thermochemical waste treatment processes. He received his A B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960 and his Ph D, in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968 his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste treatment. He teaches courses on environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical chemistry, he has lectured on these topics throughout the U. S. as an American Chemical Society Local Section tour speaker, and he has written a number of books on these topics C 2000 CRC Press llc
Stanley E. Manahan is Professor of Chemistry at the University of MissouriColumbia, where he has been on the faculty since 1965 and is President of ChemChar Research, Inc., a firm developing non-incinerative thermochemical waste treatment processes. He received his A.B. in chemistry from Emporia State University in 1960 and his Ph.D. in analytical chemistry from the University of Kansas in 1965. Since 1968 his primary research and professional activities have been in environmental chemistry, toxicological chemistry, and waste treatment. He teaches courses on environmental chemistry, hazardous wastes, toxicological chemistry, and analytical chemistry; he has lectured on these topics throughout the U.S. as an American Chemical Society Local Section tour speaker, and he has written a number of books on these topics. © 2000 CRC Press LLC
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 1.1 What is Environmental science? 1.2 Environmental Chemistry and Environmental biochemistry 1.3 Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology 1.4 Ecology and the biosphere 1.5 Energy and Cycles of Energy 1.6 Matter and Cycles of Matter 1.7 Human Impact and Pollution 1.8 Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offer CHAPTER 2: THE ANTHROSPHERE. INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2. 1 The Anthrosphere 2.2 Technology and the Anthrosphere 2.3 Infrastructure 2.5 Transportation 2.6 Communications 2.7 Food and Agriculture 2.8 Manufacturing 2.9 Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth 2.10 Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment 2. 11 The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology 2. 12 Environmental Chemistry CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY 3.1 Water Quality and Quantity 3.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance 3.3 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water 3.4 Aquatic Life 5 Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry 3.6 Gases in Wate C 2001 CRC Press llc
CONTENTS __________________________ __________________________ CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND CHEMISTRY 1.1 What is Environmental Science? 1.2 Environmental Chemistry and Environmental Biochemistry 1.3 Water, Air, Earth, Life, and Technology 1.4 Ecology and the Biosphere 1.5 Energy and Cycles of Energy 1.6 Matter and Cycles of Matter 1.7 Human Impact and Pollution 1.8 Technology: The Problems It Poses and the Solutions It Offers CHAPTER 2: THE ANTHROSPHERE, INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2.1 The Anthrosphere 2.2 Technology and the Anthrosphere 2.3 Infrastructure 2.4 Dwellings 2.5 Transportation 2.6 Communications 2.7 Food and Agriculture 2.8 Manufacturing 2.9 Effects of the Anthrosphere on Earth 2.10 Integration of the Anthrosphere into the Total Environment 2.11 The Anthrosphere and Industrial Ecology 2.12 Environmental Chemistry CHAPTER 3: FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC CHEMISTRY 3.1 Water Quality and Quantity 3.2 The Properties of Water, a Unique Substance 3.3 The Characteristics of Bodies of Water 3.4 Aquatic Life 3.5 Introduction to Aquatic Chemistry 3.6 Gases in Water © 2001 CRC Press LLC
3.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water 3. 8 Alkalinity 3.9 Calcium and other metals in Water 3.10 Complexation and Chelation 3.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes 3.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations 3. 13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands 3. 14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands 3.15 Solubilization of Lead lon from Solids by nta 3.16 Polyphosphates in WE 3. 17 Complexation by Humic Substances 3.18 Complexation and Redox Processes CHAPTER 4: OXIDATION-REDUCTION 4.1 The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena 4.2 The electron and redox reactions 4.3 Electron Activity and pE 4.4 The Nernst Equation 45 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions 4.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium 4.8 Reactions in Terms of one electron- Mole 4.9 The Limits of pE in Water 4.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems 4. 11 pE-pH Diagram 4.12 Corrosion CHAPTER 5: PHASE INTERACTIONS 5.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Wa ater 5.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments 5.3 Solubilities 5. 4 Colloidal Particles in Water 5.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays 5.6 Aggregation of Particles 5.7 Surface Sorption by Solids 5.8 lon Exchange with Bottom Sediments 5.9 Sorption of Gases--Gases in Interstitial Water CHAPTER 6: AQUATIC MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY 6.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes 3 Fungi 6. 4 Protozoa 6.5 Bacteria 6.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell 6.7 Kinetics of Bacterial growth 6.8 Bacterial Metabolism 6.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon 6.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter 6.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen 6.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur 6.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and organohalides C 2001 CRC Press llc
3.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water 3.8 Alkalinity 3.9 Calcium and Other Metals in Water 3.10 Complexation and Chelation 3.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes 3.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations 3.13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands 3.14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands 3.15 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA 3.16 Polyphosphates in Water 3.17 Complexation by Humic Substances 3.18 Complexation and Redox Processes CHAPTER 4: OXIDATION-REDUCTION 4.1 The Significance of Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena 4.2 The Electron and Redox Reactions 4.3 Electron Activity and pE 4.4 The Nernst Equation 4 5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions 4.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium 4.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole 4.9 The Limits of pE in Water 4.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems 4.11 pE-pH Diagrams 4.12 Corrosion CHAPTER 5: PHASE INTERACTIONS 5.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water 5.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments 5.3 Solubilities 5.4 Colloidal Particles in Water 5.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays 5.6 Aggregation of Particles 5.7 Surface Sorption by Solids 5.8 Ion Exchange with Bottom Sediments 5.9 Sorption of Gases—Gases in Interstitial Water CHAPTER 6: AQUATIC MICROBIAL BIOCHEMISTRY 6.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes 6.2 Algae 6.3 Fungi 6.4 Protozoa 6.5 Bacteria 6.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell 6.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth 6.8 Bacterial Metabolism 6.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon 6.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter 6.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen 6.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur 6.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides © 2001 CRC Press LLC
6.14 Microbial Transformations of metals and metalloids 6.15 Microbial Corrosion CHAPTER 7: WATER POLLUTION 7.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants 7. 2 Elemental Pollutants 7.4 Metalloids 7.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids 7.6 Inorganic Species 7.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication 7.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Sali 7.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants 7.10 Organic Pollutants 7.11 Pesticides in Water 7.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 7.13 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment ChaPtER 8: WATER TREATMENT 8.1 Water Treatment and Water Use 8.2 Municipal Water Treatment 3 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use 8.4 Sewage Treatment 8.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 8.6 Removal of solids 8.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals 8.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics 8.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics 8.11 Water Disinfection 8.12 Natural Water Purification Processes 8.13 Water Reuse and recycling ChAPTER 9: THE ATMOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 9.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry 9.2 Importance of the Atmosphere 9.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere 4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere 9.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather 9.6 Inversions and air pollution 9.7 Global Climate and Microclimate 9.9 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere 9.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen 9.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen 9 12 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 9.13 Atmospheric Water CHAPTER 10. PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 10.1 Particles in the Atmosphere 10.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere 10.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation C 2001 CRC Press llc
6.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids 6.15 Microbial Corrosion CHAPTER 7: WATER POLLUTION 7.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants 7.2 Elemental Pollutants 7.3 Heavy Metals 7.4 Metalloids 7.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids 7.6 Inorganic Species 7.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication 7.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity 7.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants 7.10 Organic Pollutants 7.11 Pesticides in Water 7.12 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 7.13 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment CHAPTER 8: WATER TREATMENT 8.1 Water Treatment and Water Use 8.2 Municipal Water Treatment 8.3 Treatment of Water for Industrial Use 8.4 Sewage Treatment 8.5 Industrial Wastewater Treatment 8.6 Removal of Solids 8.7 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals 8.8 Removal of Dissolved Organics 8.9 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics 8.10 Sludge 8.11 Water Disinfection 8.12 Natural Water Purification Processes 8.13 Water Reuse and Recycling CHAPTER 9: THE ATMOSPHERE AND ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY 9.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry 9.2 Importance of the Atmosphere 9.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere 9.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere 9.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather 9.6 Inversions and Air Pollution 9.7 Global Climate and Microclimate 9.9 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere 9.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen 9.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen 9.12 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 9.13 Atmospheric Water CHAPTER 10: PARTICLES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 10.1 Particles in the Atmosphere 10.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere 10.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation © 2001 CRC Press LLC
10.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation 10.5 The Composition of Inor 10.6 Toxic Metals 10.7 Radioactive Particles 10.8 The Composition of Organic Particles 10.9 Effects of particles 10.10 Water as Particulate Matter 10.11 Control of particulate er CHAPTER 11: GASEOUS INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS nic pollutant ga 11.2 Production and Control of carbon monoxide 11.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO 11.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle 11.5 Sulfur Dioxide reactions in the Atmosphere 11.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere 11.7 Acid rain 11.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere 11.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds 11.10 Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide CHAPTER 12: ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS 12. 1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere 12.2 Organic Compounds from Natural Sources 12.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons 12.4 Aryl Hydrocarbons 12.5 Aldehydes and Ketones 12.6 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds 12.7 Organohalide Compounds 12.8 Organosulfur Compounds 12.9 Organonitrogen Compound CHAPTER 13: PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Smog-Forming Automotive emissions 13.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere 13.4 Overview of Smog Formation 13.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation 13.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons 13. 7 Inorganic Products from Smog 13.8 Effects of Smog CHAPTER 14: THE ENDANGERED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE 14.1 Anthropogenic Change in the Atmosphere 14.2 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 14 3 Acid rain 14.4 Ozone Layer Destruction 14.5 Photochemical S 14.6 Nuclear winter 14.7 What Is to Be done? C 2001 CRC Press llc
10.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation 10.5 The Composition of Inorganic Particles 10.6 Toxic Metals 10.7 Radioactive Particles 10.8 The Composition of Organic Particles 10.9 Effects of Particles 10.10 Water as Particulate Matter 10.11 Control of Particulate Emissions CHAPTER 11: GASEOUS INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS 11.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases 11.2 Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide 11.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO 11.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle 11.5 Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere 11.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere 11.7 Acid Rain 11.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere 11.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds 11.10 Hydrogen Sulfide, Carbonyl Sulfide, and Carbon Disulfide CHAPTER 12: ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS 12.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere 12.2 Organic Compounds from Natural Sources 12.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons 12.4 Aryl Hydrocarbons 12.5 Aldehydes and Ketones 12.6 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds 12.7 Organohalide Compounds 12.8 Organosulfur Compounds 12.9 Organonitrogen Compounds CHAPTER 13: PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Smog-Forming Automotive Emissions 13.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere 13.4 Overview of Smog Formation 13.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation 13.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons 13.7 Inorganic Products from Smog 13.8 Effects of Smog CHAPTER 14: THE ENDANGERED GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE 14.1 Anthropogenic Change in the Atmosphere 14.2 Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 14.3 Acid Rain 14.4 Ozone Layer Destruction 14.5 Photochemical Smog 14.6 Nuclear Winter 14.7 What Is to Be Done? © 2001 CRC Press LLC
CHAPTER 15: THE GEOSPHERE AND GEOCHEMISTRY 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere 15.3 Physical Form of the Geosphere 15.4 Internal Processes 15.5 Surface Processes 15.6 Sediments 15.7 Clays 15.8 Geochemistry 15.9 Groundwater in the Geosphere 15.10 Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere 15. 11 Earthquakes 15.12 Volcanoes 15.13 Surface Earth Movement 15.14 Stream and River Phenomena 15.15 Phenomena at the land/Ocean Interface 5.16 Phenomena at the Land/ Atmosphere Interface 15.17 Effects of Ice 15.18 Effects of Human Activities 15.20 Water Pollution and the Geosphere 15.21 Waste Disposal and the geosphere CHAPTER 16: Soil Environmental Chemistry 16.1 Soil and Agriculture 16.2 Nature and Composition of Soil 16.3 Acid-Base and lon Exchange Reactions in Soils 16.4 Macronutrients in Soil 16.5 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil 16.6 Micronutrients in soil 6.7 Fertili 16.8 Wastes and pollutants in soil 16.9 Soil Loss and degra 16. 10 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture 16.11 Agriculture and Health CHAPTER 17: PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 17.1 Introduction and History 17.2 Industrial Ecosystems 17.3 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem 17.4 Industrial Metabolism 17.5 Levels of Materials Utilization 17.6 Links to Other Environmental Spheres 17.7 Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology 17.8 Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity 17.9 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop 17.10 Life-Cycle Assessment 17. 11 Consumable, Recyclable, and Service(Durable) Products 17.12 Design for Environment 17.13 Overview of an Integrated Industrial Ecosystem 17.14 The Kalundborg Example 17.15 Societal Factors and the Environmental ethic C 2001 CRC Press llc
CHAPTER 15: THE GEOSPHERE AND GEOCHEMISTRY 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere 15.3 Physical Form of the Geosphere 15.4 Internal Processes 15.5 Surface Processes 15.6 Sediments 15.7 Clays 15.8 Geochemistry 15.9 Groundwater in the Geosphere 15.10 Environmental Aspects of the Geosphere 15.11 Earthquakes 15.12 Volcanoes 15.13 Surface Earth Movement 15.14 Stream and River Phenomena 15.15 Phenomena at the Land/Ocean Interface 15.16 Phenomena at the Land/Atmosphere Interface 15.17 Effects of Ice 15.18 Effects of Human Activities 15.20 Water Pollution and the Geosphere 15.21 Waste Disposal and the Geosphere CHAPTER 16: Soil Environmental Chemistry 16.1 Soil and Agriculture 16.2 Nature and Composition of Soil 16.3 Acid-Base and Ion Exchange Reactions in Soils 16.4 Macronutrients in Soil 16.5 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil 16.6 Micronutrients in Soil 16.7 Fertilizers 16.8 Wastes and Pollutants in Soil 16.9 Soil Loss and Degradation 16.10 Genetic Engineering and Agriculture 16.11 Agriculture and Health CHAPTER 17: PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 17.1 Introduction and History 17.2 Industrial Ecosystems 17.3 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem 17.4 Industrial Metabolism 17.5 Levels of Materials Utilization 17.6 Links to Other Environmental Spheres 17.7 Consideration of Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology 17.8 Three Key Attributes: Energy, Materials, Diversity 17.9 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop 17.10 Life-Cycle Assessment 17.11 Consumable, Recyclable, and Service (Durable) Products 17.12 Design for Environment 17.13 Overview of an Integrated Industrial Ecosystem 17.14 The Kalundborg Example © 2001 CRC Press LLC 17.15 Societal Factors and the Environmental Ethic
CHAPTER 18: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY RESOURCES AND ENERGY 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Minerals in the Geosphere 18.3 Extraction and mining 18.4 Metals 18.5 Metal Resources and Industrial ecology 18.6 Nonmetal Mineral resources 18.7 Phosphate 1 8.8 Sulfur 18.9 Wood-A Major Renewable Resource 18.10 The Energy problem 18 11 World Energy Resources 18.12 Energy Conservation 18.13 Energy Conversion Processes 18.13 Petroleum and Natural Gas 18.14 Coal 18.15 Nuclear Fission Power 18.16 Nuclear Fusion power 18.17 Geothermal Energy 18.18 The Sun: An Ideal Energy Source 8.19 Energy fre 18.20 Future Energy Sources 18.21 Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology CHAPTER 19: NATURE SOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Classification of Hazardous substances and Wastes 9.3 Sources of was 19 4 Flammable and combustible substances 19.5 Reactive Substances 19.6 Corrosive Substances 19.7 Toxic Substances 19.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes 19.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous wastes 19.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous wastes 19 11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes 19.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere 19.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere 19.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere 19.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere 19.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere CHAPTER 20 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION UTILIZATION AND TREATMENT 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Waste Reduction and minimization 0.3 Recycling C 2001 CRC Press llc
CHAPTER 18: INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY, RESOURCES, AND ENERGY 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Minerals in the Geosphere 18.3 Extraction and Mining 18.4 Metals 18.5 Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology 18.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources 18.7 Phosphates 18.8 Sulfur 18.9 Wood—A Major Renewable Resource 18.10 The Energy Problem 18.11 World Energy Resources 18.12 Energy Conservation 18.13 Energy Conversion Processes 18.13 Petroleum and Natural Gas 18.14 Coal 18.15 Nuclear Fission Power 18.16 Nuclear Fusion Power 18.17 Geothermal Energy 18.18 The Sun: An Ideal Energy Source 18.19 Energy from Biomass 18.20 Future Energy Sources 18.21 Extending Resources through the Practice of Industrial Ecology CHAPTER 19: NATURE, SOURCES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF HAZARDOUS WASTES 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes? 19.3 Sources of Wastes 19.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances 19.5 Reactive Substances 19.6 Corrosive Substances 19.7 Toxic Substances 19.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes 19.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes 19.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes CHAPTER 20 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY FOR WASTE MINIMIZATION, UTILIZATION, AND TREATMENT 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization 20.3 Recycling © 2001 CRC Press LLC 19.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes 19.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere 19.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere 19.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere 19.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere 19.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere
