Database Applications Examples Enterprise Information Sales:customers,products,purchases Accounting:payments,receipts,assets Human Resources:Information about employees,salaries,payroll taxes. ■ Manufacturing:management of production,inventory,orders,supply chain. Banking and finance customer information,accounts,loans,and banking transactions. Credit card transactions Finance:sales and purchases of financial instruments (e.g.,stocks and bonds;storing real-time market data Universities:registration,grades Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.4 ©Silberscha乜，Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Database Applications Examples ▪ Enterprise Information • Sales: customers, products, purchases • Accounting: payments, receipts, assets • Human Resources: Information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes. ▪ Manufacturing: management of production, inventory, orders, supply chain. ▪ Banking and finance • customer information, accounts, loans, and banking transactions. • Credit card transactions • Finance: sales and purchases of financial instruments (e.g., stocks and bonds; storing real-time market data ▪ Universities: registration, grades
Database Applications Examples (Cont.) Airlines:reservations,schedules Telecommunication:records of calls,texts,and data usage,generating monthly bills,maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards Web-based services Online retailers:order tracking,customized recommendations Online advertisements Document databases Navigation systems:For maintaining the locations of varies places of interest along with the exact routes of roads,train systems,buses,etc. Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.5 @Silberschatz,Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Database Applications Examples (Cont.) ▪ Airlines: reservations, schedules ▪ Telecommunication: records of calls, texts, and data usage, generating monthly bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards ▪ Web-based services • Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations • Online advertisements ▪ Document databases ▪ Navigation systems: For maintaining the locations of varies places of interest along with the exact routes of roads, train systems, buses, etc
Purpose of Database Systems In the early days,database applications were built directly on top of file systems,which leads to: Data redundancy and inconsistency:data is stored in multiple file formats resulting induplication of information in different files Difficulty in accessing data Need to write a new program to carry out each new task ■Data isolation Multiple files and formats ■Integrity problems Integrity constraints (e.g.,account balance 0)become "buried" in program code rather than being stated explicitly Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.6 ©Silberscha乜，Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Purpose of Database Systems ▪ Data redundancy and inconsistency: data is stored in multiple file formats resulting induplication of information in different files ▪ Difficulty in accessing data • Need to write a new program to carry out each new task ▪ Data isolation • Multiple files and formats ▪ Integrity problems • Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance > 0) become “buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly • Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones In the early days, database applications were built directly on top of file systems, which leads to:
Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.) Atomicity of updates Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out Example:Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all Concurrent access by multiple users Concurrent access needed for performance Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies Ex:Two people reading a balance (say 100)and updating it by withdrawing money (say 50 each)at the same time Security problems Hard to provide user access to some,but not all,data Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.7 ©Silberscha乜，Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.7 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Purpose of Database Systems (Cont.) ▪ Atomicity of updates • Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out • Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all ▪ Concurrent access by multiple users • Concurrent access needed for performance • Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies ▪ Ex: Two people reading a balance (say 100) and updating it by withdrawing money (say 50 each) at the same time ▪ Security problems • Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems
Data Models A collection of tools for describing 。Data ·Data relationships ·Data semantics ·Data constraints ■Relational model Entity-Relationship data model(mainly for database design) Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational) Semi-structured data model (XML) ■Other older models: ·Network model ·Hierarchical model Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.10 ©Silberscha乜，Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.10 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Data Models ▪ A collection of tools for describing • Data • Data relationships • Data semantics • Data constraints ▪ Relational model ▪ Entity-Relationship data model (mainly for database design) ▪ Object-based data models (Object-oriented and Object-relational) ▪ Semi-structured data model (XML) ▪ Other older models: • Network model • Hierarchical model
Relational Model All the data is stored in various tables. Example of tabular data in the relational model Columns ID name dept name salary 22222 Einstein Physics 95000 Rows 12121 Wu Finance 90000 32343 El Said History 60000 45565 Katz Comp.Sci. 75000 98345 Kim Elec.Eng. 80000 76766 Crick Biology 72000 10101 Srinivasan Comp.Sci. 65000 58583 Califieri History 62000 83821 Brandt Comp.Sci. 92000 15151 Mozart Music 40000 Ted Codd 33456 Gold Physics 87000 76543 Singh Finance 80000 Turing Award 1981 (a)The instructor table Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.11 Silberschatz,Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.11 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Relational Model ▪ All the data is stored in various tables. ▪ Example of tabular data in the relational model Columns Rows Ted Codd Turing Award 1981
A Sample Relational Database ID name deptname salary 22222 Einstein Physics 95000 12121 Wu Finance 90000 32343 El Said History 60000 45565 Katz Comp.Sci. 75000 98345 Kim Elec.Eng. 80000 76766 Crick Biology 72000 10101 Srinivasan Comp.Sci. 65000 58583 Califieri History 62000 83821 Brandt Comp.Sci. 92000 15151 Mozart Music 40000 33456 Gold Physics 87000 76543 Singh Finance 80000 (a)The instructor table dept name building budget Comp.Sci. Taylor 100000 Biology Watson 90000 Elec.Eng. Taylor 85000 Music Packard 80000 Finance Painter 120000 History Painter 50000 Physics Watson 70000 (b)The department table Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.12 @Silberschatz,Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.12 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition A Sample Relational Database
View of Data An architecture for a database system view level view 1 view 2 。。。 view n logical level physical level Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.14 @Silberschatz,Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.14 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition View of Data An architecture for a database system
Instances and Schemas Similar to types and variables in programming languages Logical Schema-the overall logical structure of the database Example:The database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts in a bank and the relationship between them Analogous to type information of a variable in a program Physical schema-the overall physical structure of the database Instance-the actual content of the database at a particular point in time Analogous to the value of a variable Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.15 ©Silberscha乜，Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.15 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Instances and Schemas ▪ Similar to types and variables in programming languages ▪ Logical Schema – the overall logical structure of the database • Example: The database consists of information about a set of customers and accounts in a bank and the relationship between them ▪ Analogous to type information of a variable in a program ▪ Physical schema – the overall physical structure of the database ▪ Instance – the actual content of the database at a particular point in time • Analogous to the value of a variable
Physical Data Independence Physical Data Independence-the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema Applications depend on the logical schema In general,the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others. Database System Concepts-7th Edition 1.16 @Silberschatz,Korth and Sudarshan
Database System Concepts - 7 1.16 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan th Edition Physical Data Independence ▪ Physical Data Independence – the ability to modify the physical schema without changing the logical schema • Applications depend on the logical schema • In general, the interfaces between the various levels and components should be well defined so that changes in some parts do not seriously influence others