Models CCCma has develped a number of climate simulation models for climate prediction, study of climate change and variability, and to better understand the various processes which govern our climate system. A brief description of these models and their corresponding references can be found in this section AGCMI The first generation atmospheric general circulation model AGCM2 The second generation atmospheric general circulation model AGCM3 The third generation atmospheric general circulation model CGCMI The first generation coupled global climate model CGCM2 The second generation coupled global climate model CCCma also participates in several Climate Research Network model development projects including MA The Middle Atmosphere Model CRCM The Canadian Regional Climate Model ModelS-The Second Generation Coupled Global Climate Model(CGCM2) The second version of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis(CC Cma)Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM2), is based on the earlier CGCMl, but with some improvements aimed at addressing shortcomings identified in the first version. In particular, the ocean mixing parameterization has been changed from horizontal/vertical diffusion scheme to the isopycnal/eddy stirring parameterization of Gent and Mcwilliams(1990), and sea-ice dynamics has been included following Flato and Hibler(1992) In addition, some technical modifications were made in the ocean spinup and flux adjustment procedure. A description of CGCM2 and a comparison, relative to CGCMl, of its response to increasing greenhouse-gas forcing can be found in Flato and Boer(2000). CGCM2 has been used to produce ensemble climate change projections using the older IS92a forcing scenario, as well as the newer IPCC SRES A2 and B2 scenarios CGCM2 results were used in the recent IPCC Third Assessment Report(IPCC, 2001)and in the ongoing Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Some selected results are briefly summarized here CGCM2 has also been used to perform simulations of the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum(LGm) some 18,000 years ago(Kim et al. (2002a, b)) Acknowledgements The development of CGCM2 was a team effort involving G M. Flato and G.J. Boer along with W.G. Lee and S. Tinis
1 Models CCCma has develped a number of climate simulation models for climate prediction, study of climate change and variability, and to better understand the various processes which govern our climate system. A brief description of these models and their corresponding references can be found in this section. AGCM1 The first generation atmospheric general circulation model. AGCM2 The second generation atmospheric general circulation model. AGCM3 The third generation atmospheric general circulation model. CGCM1 The first generation coupled global climate model. CGCM2 The second generation coupled global climate model. CCCma also participates in several Climate Research Network model development projects including: MAM The Middle Atmosphere Model. CRCM The Canadian Regional Climate Model. Models--The Second Generation Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM2) The second version of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM2), is based on the earlier CGCM1, but with some improvements aimed at addressing shortcomings identified in the first version. In particular, the ocean mixing parameterization has been changed from horizontal/vertical diffusion scheme to the isopycnal/eddy stirring parameterization of Gent and McWilliams (1990), and sea-ice dynamics has been included following Flato and Hibler (1992). In addition, some technical modifications were made in the ocean spinup and flux adjustment procedure. A description of CGCM2 and a comparison, relative to CGCM1, of its response to increasing greenhouse-gas forcing can be found in Flato and Boer (2000). CGCM2 has been used to produce ensemble climate change projections using the older IS92a forcing scenario, as well as the newer IPCC SRES A2 and B2 scenarios. CGCM2 results were used in the recent IPCC Third Assessment Report (IPCC, 2001) and in the ongoing Arctic Climate Impact Assessment. Some selected results are briefly summarized here. CGCM2 has also been used to perform simulations of the climate during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) some 18,000 years ago (Kim et al. (2002a;b)). Acknowledgements The development of CGCM2 was a team effort involving G.M. Flato and G.J. Boer along with W.G. Lee and S. Tinis
References. Flato, G.M. and GJ. Boer, 2001: Warming Asymmetry in Climate Change Simulations. Geophys. Res Lett.28.195-198 Flato, G M. and Hibler, W.D.Ill, 1992: Modelling Pack Ice as a Cavitating Fluid J Phys Oceanogr., 22 626-651 Gent, P.R. and J C Mc Williams, 1990: Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models. J. Phys Oceanogr 20,150-155 IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. J T. Houghton et al.(eds ) Cambridge University Press, 88lpp Kim, S.-J, G M. Flato, G.J. Boer and N.A. McFarlane, 2002a: A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, Part 1: transient multi-decadal response. Climate Dynamics, 19, 515-537 Kim, S-, G.M. Flato, G.J. Boer, 2002b: A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, Part 2: approach to equilibrium Climate Dynamics, in press
2 References: Flato, G.M. and G.J. Boer, 2001: Warming Asymmetry in Climate Change Simulations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 195-198. Flato, G.M. and Hibler, W.D. III, 1992: Modelling Pack Ice as a Cavitating Fluid. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 626-651. Gent, P.R. and J.C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal Mixing in Ocean Circulation Models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155. IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. J.T. Houghton et al. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, 881pp. Kim, S.-J., G.M. Flato, G.J. Boer and N.A. McFarlane, 2002a: A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, Part 1: transient multi-decadal response. Climate Dynamics, 19, 515-537. Kim, S.-J., G.M. Flato, G.J. Boer, 2002b: A coupled climate model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum, Part 2: approach to equilibrium Climate Dynamics, in press
