ComputerArchitectureInstruction Set Architecture(MicroarchitectureImplementationComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture Computer Architecture Instruc1on Set Architecture (Microarchitecture Implementa1on)
How Does a Machine Process Instructions?What does processing an instruction mean?RemembertheyonNeumannmodeA = Architectural (programmer visible) state before aninstruction is processedProcess instructionA' = Architectural (programmer visible) state after aninstructionisprocessedProcessing an instruction: Transforming A to A'according to the ISA specification of the instructionComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture How Does a Machine Process Instructions? • What does processing an instruction mean? • Remember the von Neumann model A = Architectural (programmer visible) state before an instruction is processed Process instruction A’ = Architectural (programmer visible) state after an instruction is processed • Processing an instruction: Transforming A to A’ according to the ISA specification of the instruction 2
The “Process instruction" StepISA specifies abstractly what A' should be, given aninstruction and A-It defines anabstractfinitestatemachinewhere· State=programmer-visible state.Next-statelogic=instruction executionspecification- From ISA point of view, there are no "intermediate states"between A and A'during instruction executionOnestatetransitionperinstructionMicroarchitecture implements how A is transformed to A'- There are many choices in implementation- We can haveprogrammer-invisible state to optimize the speedofinstructionexecution:multiplestatetransitionsperinstruction. Choice 1: A → A' (transform A to A' in a single clock cycle)·Choice 2:A→A+MS1 →A+MS2→A+MS3 →A'(take multiple clockcyclestotransformAtoA)ComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture The “Process instruction” Step • ISA specifies abstractly what A’ should be, given an instruction and A – It defines an abstract finite state machine where • State = programmer-visible state • Next-state logic = instruction execution specification – From ISA point of view, there are no “intermediate states” between A and A’ during instruction execution • One state transition per instruction • Microarchitecture implements how A is transformed to A’ – There are many choices in implementation – We can have programmer-invisible state to optimize the speed of instruction execution: multiple state transitions per instruction • Choice 1: A à A’ (transform A to A’ in a single clock cycle) • Choice 2: A à A+MS1 à A+MS2 à A+MS3 à A’ (take multiple clock cycles to transform A to A’) 3
AVeryBasicInstructionProcessing EngineEachinstructiontakesasingleclockcycleto executeOnly combinational logic is used to implementinstructionexecution-Nointermediate,programmer-invisiblestateupdatesA = Architectural (programmer visible) stateat the beginning of a clock cycleProcess instruction in one clock cycleA'= Architectural (programmer visible) stateat the end of a clock cycleComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture A Very Basic Instruction Processing Engine • Each instruction takes a single clock cycle to execute • Only combinational logic is used to implement instruction execution – No intermediate, programmer-invisible state updates A = Architectural (programmer visible) state at the beginning of a clock cycle Process instruction in one clock cycle A’ = Architectural (programmer visible) state at the end of a clock cycle 4
A Very Basic Instruction Processing Engine:Single-cycle machinelextASequentialCombinationalLogicLogic(State) What is the clock cycle time determined by?What is the critical path of the combinational logicdetermined by?ComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture A Very Basic Instruction Processing Engine • Single-cycle machine • What is the clock cycle time determined by? • What is the critical path of the combinational logic determined by? 5 ANext A Sequen+al Logic (State) Combina+onal Logic
Remember: Programmer Visible (Architectural) StateM[0]M[1]M[2]M[3]RegistersM[4]givenspecialnames intheISA(as opposed to addresses)generalvs.specialpurposeM[N-1]ProgramCounterMemoryarrayofstoragelocationsmemoryaddressindexedbyanaddressofthecurrentinstructionInstructions (and programs) specify how to transformthevaluesof programmervisible stateComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture Remember: Programmer Visible (Architectural) State 6 M[0] M[1] M[2] M[3] M[4] M[N-1] Memory array of storage loca+ons indexed by an address Program Counter memory address of the current instruc+on Registers - given special names in the ISA (as opposed to addresses) - general vs. special purpose Instruc+ons (and programs) specify how to transform the values of programmer visible state
Single-cycle vs. Multi-cycle Machines: Single-cycle machinesEachinstructiontakesasingleclockcycle-All stateupdates madeat the end of an instruction's execution- Big disadvantage: The slowest instruction determines cycle time → longclock cycle timeMulti-cyclemachines-Instructionprocessingbroken intomultiplecycles/stages- State updates can be made during an instruction's execution- Architectural state updates made only at the end of an instruction'sexecution- Advantage over single-cycle: The slowest "stage" determines cycle timeBoth single-cycleand multi-cycle machines literallyfollowthevonNeumannmodelatthemicroarchitecturelevelComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture Single-cycle vs. Multi-cycle Machines • Single-cycle machines – Each instruction takes a single clock cycle – All state updates made at the end of an instruction’s execution – Big disadvantage: The slowest instruction determines cycle time à long clock cycle time • Multi-cycle machines – Instruction processing broken into multiple cycles/stages – State updates can be made during an instruction’s execution – Architectural state updates made only at the end of an instruction’s execution – Advantage over single-cycle: The slowest “stage” determines cycle time n Both single-cycle and multi-cycle machines literally follow the von Neumann model at the microarchitecture level 7
Instruction Processing“Cycle"Instructions are processed under the direction of a"controlunit" step by step.Instruction cycle: Sequence of steps to process an instructionFundamentally,thereare sixphases:FetchDecodeEvaluate AddressFetch OperandsExecuteStore ResultNot all instructions require all six stagesComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture Instruction Processing “Cycle” • Instructions are processed under the direction of a “control unit” step by step. • Instruction cycle: Sequence of steps to process an instruction • Fundamentally, there are six phases: • Fetch • Decode • Evaluate Address • Fetch Operands • Execute • Store Result • Not all instructions require all six stages 8
Instruction Processing“Cycle"vs.Machine Clock Cycle: Single-cycle machine:- All six phases of the instruction processing cycle take asingle machine clock cycle to completeMulti-cycle machine:- All six phases of the instruction processing cycle cantake multiple machine clock cycles to complete- In fact, each phase can take multiple clock cycles tocompleteComputerArchitecture
Computer Architecture Instruction Processing “Cycle” vs. Machine Clock Cycle • Single-cycle machine: – All six phases of the instruction processing cycle take a single machine clock cycle to complete • Multi-cycle machine: – All six phases of the instruction processing cycle can take multiple machine clock cycles to complete – In fact, each phase can take multiple clock cycles to complete 9
Instruction Processing Viewed Another WayInstructions transform Data (A) to Data' (A')This transformation is done by functional unitsUnitsthat"operate"ondataThese units need to be told what to do to the data: An instruction processing engine consists of twocomponents- Datapath: Consists of hardware elements that deal with andtransformdatasignalsfunctionalunitsthatoperateondatahardware structures (e.g.wires and muxes)that enablethe flow ofdata intothefunctional unitsand registersstorage units that store data (e.g., registers)- Control logic: Consists of hardware elements that determinecontrolsignals,i.e.signalsthatspecifywhatthedatapathelementsshoulddotothedataComputerArchitecture10
Computer Architecture Instruction Processing Viewed Another Way • Instructions transform Data (A) to Data’ (A’) • This transformation is done by functional units – Units that “operate” on data • These units need to be told what to do to the data • An instruction processing engine consists of two components – Datapath: Consists of hardware elements that deal with and transform data signals • functional units that operate on data • hardware structures (e.g. wires and muxes) that enable the flow of data into the functional units and registers • storage units that store data (e.g., registers) – Control logic: Consists of hardware elements that determine control signals, i.e., signals that specify what the datapath elements should do to the data 10