第10周，第9讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》要摘第六章词语的翻译第一节汉语中多义词、歧义词的翻译授课题目（章、节）本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，学会汉译英的遣词用字问题。【重点】多义词的翻译【难点】歧义词的翻译内容1田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 1 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 10 周，第 9 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第六章 词语的翻译 第一节 汉语中多义词、歧义词的翻译 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，学会汉译英的遣词用字问题。 【重 点】 多义词 的翻译 【难 点】 歧义词的翻译 内 容
【本讲课程的引入】理想的翻译单位是篇章，篇章下又依次分为段落一一句子一词语。词语是汉译英的最小单位，词语翻译的优劣是衡量译文质量的基本要素。汉译英的遣词用字问题与英译汉的情况有所不同。英译汉时我们输出的是自己已所熟悉的汉请词汇、语法结构，而汉译英时则需我们对大量不那么熟悉的词语作出取舍，然后再去套用语法规则，因此往往会显得力不从心一一这就是为什么初学者普遍会认为，汉译英的难度大大超过英译汉。【本讲课程的内容】1.讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业II.第六章词语的翻译第一节汉语中多义词、歧义词的翻译02英1戴翠翠用e-mail给老师发的作I．讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业，仅以一个学生的作业ReputationMr.Liureveled in calligraphysincechildhood.As early astwentyyears old hehad wonareputation after learningfrom some notable calligrapher.Unlikesomepeoplewith a similarexperience, Mr. Liu took his writing seriously and never inscribed casually. When he cameto an old age, he treasured his writing as precious as gold and only presented it at elegantplaces.One day, his wife went to buy a record at a bookstore. Ms. Liu emptied herpocket, still, was short of three fens, so she asked with a reluctant expression,"Only a lack of three fens. Will it do?" “T'm afraid not." replied the shop owner,"I have a narrow margin of profit but quick turnover. If I sell it at the price youoffered, there would be no profit." Ms. Liu was going to turn around and leavewhen she caught a glimpse of the inscription by her husband, Full of Humor andWit.Then she said, My husband wrote this for you, however, you won't sell arecord to me for a trivial of three fens. How penny-pinching you are!" Hearingthis, the shop owner apologized quickly, “Sorry for not recognizing you, Ms. Liu.Then the three-fen shortage will do."2田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 2 【本讲课程的引入】理想的翻译单位是篇章，篇章下又依次分为段落——句子——词 语。词语是汉译英的最小单位，词语翻译的优劣是衡量译文质量的基本要素。汉译英 的遣词用字问题与英译汉的情况有所不同。英译汉时我们输出的是自己所熟悉的汉语 词汇、语法结构，而汉译英时则需我们对大量不那么熟悉的词语作出取舍，然后再去 套用语法规则，因此往往会显得力不从心——这就是为什么初学者普遍会认为，汉译 英的难度大大超过英译汉。 【本讲课程的内容】 I. 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业 II．第六章 词语的翻译 第一节 汉语中多义词、歧义词的翻译 I． 讲解上节课给学生留的课下作业，仅以一个学生的作业为例： Reputation Mr. Liu reveled in calligraphy since childhood. As early as twenty years old he had won a reputation after learning from some notable calligrapher. Unlike some people with a similar experience, Mr. Liu took his writing seriously and never inscribed casually. When he came to an old age, he treasured his writing as precious as gold and only presented it at elegant places. One day, his wife went to buy a record at a bookstore. Ms. Liu emptied her pocket, still, was short of three fens, so she asked with a reluctant expression, “Only a lack of three fens. Will it do?” “I’m afraid not.” replied the shop owner, “I have a narrow margin of profit but quick turnover. If I sell it at the price you offered, there would be no profit.” Ms. Liu was going to turn around and leave when she caught a glimpse of the inscription by her husband, Full of Humor and Wit. Then she said, “My husband wrote this for you, however, you won’t sell a record to me for a trivial of three fens. How penny-pinching you are!” Hearing this, the shop owner apologized quickly, “Sorry for not recognizing you, Ms. Liu. Then the three-fen shortage will do.” 02 英 1 戴翠 翠 用 e-mail 给老师发的作 业
Hearing the news, Mr. Liu glowered at his wife wide-eyed and gave her a slapin the face. He abandoned calligraphy afterwards and never wrote for the left ofhis life.ReputationMr. Liu has reveled in calligraphy since childhood.Asearly as twenty教师的years of age (not "old") he had won a reputation for excellence an修改learning from a (not "some") notable calligrapher. Unlike somepeople with a similar experience, Mr. Liu took his writing seriouslyand never inscribed casually. When he arrived at(not "came to an")old age, he treasured his writing as precious as gold and onlypresented it at elegant places.One day, his wife went to buy a record at a bookstore. Ms. Liuemptied herpocket,butwas still (,was)short ofthreefens.So sheasked withareluctantexpression,"I'm only(a lack of)threefensshort. Will it do?"I'm afraid not." replied the shop owner. "I have anarrow margin of profit but a quick turnover. IfI sell it at the priceyou offered, there would be no profit for me." Ms. Liu was going toturn around and leave when she caught a glimpse of an (not "the")inscription by her husband called Full of Humor and Wit. Then shesaid,"My husband did (better than "wrote") this for you, howeveryou won't sell a record to me for a trivial (of) three fens. Howpenny-pinching you are!" On hearing this, the shop owner apologizedquickly. " I'm sorry for not recognizing you, Ms. Liu. (Then) Thethree-fen (shortage) will suffice(betterthan "do")."Hearing thenews, Mr.Liu glowered wide-eyed at his wife(wide-eyed) and slapped her in the face( betterthan "gave her a slapin the face").He abandoned calligraphy after this (better than"afterwards")and never inscribed again (better than "wrote") for therest (not "left")of his life.Face: Lost and FoundLiu had loved calligraphy ever since childhood and later studied it undera famous calligrapher. Consequently, Mr. Liu had made name for himself at theyoung age of twenty. He never took up the brush at random and welded itnonchalantly. And the evening of his life found him even more meticulous in hiswork and his calligraphy mostly displayed in places oftaste and elegance.3田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 3 Hearing the news, Mr. Liu glowered at his wife wide-eyed and gave her a slap in the face. He abandoned calligraphy afterwards and never wrote for the left of his life. Reputation Mr. Liu has reveled in calligraphy since childhood. As early as twenty years of age ( not "old") he had won a reputation for excellence after learning from a ( not "some") notable calligrapher. Unlike some people with a similar experience, Mr. Liu took his writing seriously and never inscribed casually. When he arrived at ( not "came to an") old age, he treasured his writing as precious as gold and only presented it at elegant places. One day, his wife went to buy a record at a bookstore. Ms. Liu emptied her pocket, but was still (, was) short of three fens. So she asked with a reluctant _expression, " I'm only (a lack of) three fens short. Will it do? "I'm afraid not." replied the shop owner. "I have a narrow margin of profit but a quick turnover. If I sell it at the price you offered, there would be no profit for me." Ms. Liu was going to turn around and leave when she caught a glimpse of an ( not "the") inscription by her husband called Full of Humor and Wit. Then she said, "My husband did ( better than "wrote") this for you, however you won't sell a record to me for a trivial (of) three fens. How penny-pinching you are!" On hearing this, the shop owner apologized quickly. " I'm sorry for not recognizing you, Ms. Liu. (Then) The three-fen (shortage) will suffice ( better than "do")." Hearing the news, Mr. Liu glowered wide-eyed at his wife (wide-eyed) and slapped her in the face ( better than "gave her a slap in the face"). He abandoned calligraphy after this ( better than "afterwards") and never inscribed again ( better than "wrote") for the rest ( not "left") of his life. Face: Lost and Found Liu had loved calligraphy ever since childhood and later studied it under a famous calligrapher. Consequently, Mr. Liu had made name for himself at the young age of twenty. He never took up the brush at random and welded it nonchalantly. And the evening of his life found him even more meticulous in his work and his calligraphy mostly displayed in places of taste and elegance. 教师的 修改
4田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 4
One day his wifewas buyinga disc at a bookstore:Shedug into herpurse and took out all her money only to find she was 3 fen short Looking muchembarrassed, she asked the shopkeeper o“forget it".The man answered, “Sorry,no. I aim at small profits and quick returns. Deducting the 3 fen would bedepriving me of any profit."Mrs. Liu turned and was about to leave the shop when she saw herhusband's inscription,“Miao QuHeng Sheng"(meaningFull of Humor")onthe wall.“How could you be so mean about such a fleabite when my husbandwrote the inscription for you?" she grumbled." So - you are Mrs. Liu! I sincerely apologize for not knowing you.Please do me the honor of forgetting about the balance," the surprisedshopkeeper responded.On hearing his spouse's story, the revered calligrapher glared at hewith dilated eyes and rewarded her with a resounding slap in the face. Then andthere he made up his mind to part with his brush. Never again did he touch hisbeloved brushII.第六章词语的翻译第一节汉语中多义词、歧义词的翻译一、多义词的处理（一）上下文1.上下文与词义的选择1）发货：delivergoods2）发传单distributeleaflets3）发光发热emit light andheat4）发电generate electricity5）发烧haveafever意见1）两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见.。The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of commonconcern2）党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。A party member should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses3）大家对你很有意见。Peoplehavealotof complaintsaboutyou.4）你应该听从医生的意见。You should follow the doctor's advice.5）他们在会上闹起了意见。They got into disputes at the meeting.5田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 5 One day his wife was buying a disc at a bookstore. She dug into her purse and took out all her money only to find she was 3 fen short. Looking much embarrassed, she asked the shopkeeper o “forget it”. The man answered, “Sorry, no. I aim at small profits and quick returns. Deducting the 3 fen would be depriving me of any profit.” Mrs. Liu turned and was about to leave the shop when she saw her husband’s inscription, “Miao Qu Heng Sheng” (meaning “Full of Humor”) on the wall. “How could you be so mean about such a fleabite when my husband wrote the inscription for you?” she grumbled. “ So – you are Mrs. Liu! I sincerely apologize for not knowing you. Please do me the honor of forgetting about the balance,” the surprised shopkeeper responded. On hearing his spouse’s story, the revered calligrapher glared at her with dilated eyes and rewarded her with a resounding slap in the face. Then and there he made up his mind to part with his brush. Never again did he touch his beloved brush. II． 第六章 词语的翻译 第一节汉语中多义词、歧义词的翻译 一、多义词的处理 （一）上下文 1．上下文与词义的选择 1) 发货: deliver goods 2) 发传单 distribute leaflets 3) 发光发热 emit light and heat 4) 发电 generate electricity 5) 发烧 have a fever 意见 1) 两位领导人就双边关系及共同关心的问题交换了意见.。 The two leaders exchanged views on bilateral relations and issues of common concern. 2) 党员应该虚心倾听群众的意见。 A party member should listen carefully to the opinions of the masses. 3) 大家对你很有意见。 People have a lot of complaints about you. 4) 你应该听从医生的意见。 You should follow the doctor’s advice. 5) 他们在会上闹起了意见。 They got into disputes at the meeting
2.上下文与词义的褒贬热衷，动心1）他热裹于个人名利。He is always hankering after personal fame and gain2）她热衷于花样滑冰。She is fond f figure skating3）金钱，美女，城市的繁华生活，都没有使他动心，他仍旧埋头科学研究。Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured himaway form immerging himself in scientific studies.3.上下文与词义的广狭出入下车No cycling at the gate.Cyclists please dismount.吃完饭把桌子收拾了。Clear the table after dinner.（二）搭配1．我看出了他的心事。Icould read his thoughts.2．他看出了她破绽。Hespottedherweakpoints.3．明天是不是打场得看天气。Whetherwe'lldothethreshingtomorrowwilldepend on the weather.4.别跑得那么快，看摔着。Don'trun sofast!Mindyoudon'tfall5.她看出了苗头。Shesmeltarat.（感到可疑之处，感到事情不妙）他一看苗头不对就溜了。Heslippedoffwhenhesawwhatwasgoingtohappen. (symptom of a trend, suggestion ofa new development)二、歧义词（一）古今含义不同的词贾政笑道：“不当过奖他。难题年小的人，不过以一知充十用，取笑罢了。"No exaggerated praise, ifyouplease,or the boy will getnotions abouthisbitoknowledge. Better laugh at him; it would be more beneficial to him, objectedChia Cheng, smiling. (Floren and Isable Mchugh)You mustn't't flatter the boy", protested Chia Cheng with a smile.“He's simplymaking aridiculous parade of his very limited knowledge（二）同形异义词（isomorphicwordswithdifferentmeanings）古汉语中多单音节词，这些单音节词逐渐向双音节词发展。于是，与现代汉语相比较，古汉语的一些形同义不同的词需要特别注意。例如：“妻子”在古汉语中指的是两个词。（1）妻子好和，如鼓瑟琴：兄弟既翁，和乐且耽。It is said in The Book of Songs:“Living affectionately with one's wife andchildren is likeplaying musical instruments harmoniously.Getting alongfraternally with one's brothers is highly delightful."沉溺[indulgein]6田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 6 2. 上下文与词义的褒贬 热衷，动心 1）他热衷于个人名利。 He is always hankering after personal fame and gain. 2）她热衷于花样滑冰。 She is fond f figure skating. 3）金钱，美女，城市的繁华生活，都没有使他动心，他仍旧埋头科学研究。 Neither money nor pretty women, still less the pleasures of city life, lured him away form immerging himself in scientific studies. 3． 上下文与词义的广狭 出入下车 No cycling at the gate. Cyclists please dismount. 吃完饭把桌子收拾了。 Clear the table after dinner. （二）搭配 1． 我看出了他的心事。I could read his thoughts. 2． 他看出了她破绽。He spotted her weak points. 3． 明天是不是打场得看天气。Whether we’ll do the threshing tomorrow will depend on the weather. 4． 别跑得那么快，看摔着。Don’t run so fast! Mind you don’t fall. 5． 她看出了苗头。She smelt a rat. (感到可疑之处，感到事情不妙) 他一看苗头不对就溜了。He slipped off when he saw what was going to happen. (symptom of a trend, suggestion of a new development) 二、歧义词 （一）古今含义不同的词 贾政笑道：“不当过奖他。难题年小的人，不过以一知充十用，取笑罢了。” “No exaggerated praise, if you please, or the boy will get notions about his bit of knowledge. Better laugh at him; it would be more beneficial to him”, objected Chia Cheng, smiling. (Floren and Isable Mchugh). You mustn't’t flatter the boy”, protested Chia Cheng with a smile. “He’s simply making a ridiculous parade of his very limited knowledge”. (二）同形异义词（isomorphic words with different meanings） 古汉语中多单音节词，这些单音节词逐渐向双音节词发展。于是，与 现代汉语相比较，古汉语的一些形同义不同的词需要特别注意。例如：“妻 子”在古汉语中指的是两个词。 （1）妻子好和，如鼓瑟琴；兄弟既翁，和乐且耽。 It is said in The Book of Songs：“Living affectionately with one’s wife and children is like playing musical instruments harmoniously. Getting along fraternally with one’s brothers is highly delightful.” 沉溺 [indulge in]
耽于女乐，不顾国政，则亡国之祸也。《韩非子·十过》且田家乐。李白《赠间丘处士》（2）八德指的是“忠孝仁爱信义和平”。1) The Eight Virtues refer to loyalty,filial piety, benevolence, love, faith justicepeace2) The Eight Virtues embrace loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith,justice,harmonyand peace（三）一物多称汉英语言中都有用不同的词语指代同一事物的现象如金星，也称太白星或启明星，英语中也有Venus和Vesper两种说法。再如，银河也有很多名称，如“河汗女”，“长河渐落晓星沉”，“差池上舟，窈窕入云汉”，“星河欲转千帆舞”。..偶遇两个旧友，认得新盐政，知他正要请一西席教训女儿，遂将雨村请进衙门去。Fortunately,he had tow oldfriends here who knew that the Salt Commissionerwas looking for a guest from the west.. Upon their recommendation Yu Cun wasgiven the post, which provided the security he needed汉语中对教师的称呼也有很多，如“西席”“西宾”“先生”“师长”“师傅等。西席：[familytutor]西宾(古时主位在东,宾位在西)旧时家垫教师或幕友的代称故师日西席。一一《称谓录》思付多时，忽然想起廉家西席一事。一一《镜花缘》（四）俗语、称谓（localismandappellation）俗语用法不依常规，若单凭字面异义翻译，喊容易译错。称谓也不适合按字面处理。（1）自从嫁给你哥哥，吃他忒善了，被人欺负。1)EversinceIwaswedtoyourbrotherIhavesufferedtoomuchfromhimand people have deceived me and ...2)Ever sinceI married your brother, people have taken advantage of hisexcessivemeeknessandneverceasedtoinsultus“吃”非“吃亏”的意思，而是表原因。（2）宋江见了公文，内心寻思道：“盖等众人不想做下这般大事...1) Song Jing when he had seen the proclamation in his inner heart thought," Chao Gai and all those with him did not think to bring about such a greatmatteras this..."7田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 7 耽于女乐,不顾国政,则亡国之祸也。 《韩非子·十过》 且耽田家乐。 李白《赠闾丘处士》 （2）八德指的是“忠孝仁爱信义和平”。 1) The Eight Virtues refer to loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith, justice, peace. 2) The Eight Virtues embrace loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, love, faith, justice, harmony and peace. (三) 一物多称 汉英语言中都有用不同的词语指代同一事物的现象,如金星，也称太白星或 启明星，英语中也有 Venus 和 Vesper 两种说法。再如，银河也有很多名称， 如“迢迢河汗女”，“长河渐落晓星沉”，“差池上舟楫，窈窕入云汉”，“星 河欲转千帆舞”。 .偶遇两个旧友，认得新盐政，知他正要请一西席教训女儿，遂将雨村 请进衙门去。 Fortunately, he had tow old friends here who knew that the Salt Commissioner was looking for a guest from the west. Upon their recommendation Yu Cun was given the post, which provided the security he needed. 汉语中对教师的称呼也有很多，如“西席”“西宾”“先生”“师长”“师傅” 等。 西席： [family tutor] 西宾(古时主位在东,宾位在西)旧时家塾教师或幕友的代称 故师曰西席。――《称谓录》 思忖多时,忽然想起廉家西席一事。――《镜花缘》 (四) 俗语、称谓（localism and appellation） 俗语用法不依常规，若单凭字面异义翻译，喊容易译错。称谓也不适合按 字面处理。 （1）自从嫁给你哥哥，吃他忒善了，被人欺负。 1） Ever since I was wed to your brother I have suffered too much from him and people have deceived me and . 2） Ever since I married your brother, people have taken advantage of his excessive meekness and never ceased to insult us. “吃”非“吃亏”的意思，而是表原因。 （2）宋江见了公文，内心寻思道：‘晁盖等众人不想做下这般大事.’ 1）Song Jing when he had seen the proclamation in his inner heart thought, “ Chao Gai and all those with him did not think to bring about such a great matter as this
(2)SongJingwhenhehad seentheproclamationinhisinnerheartthought,“1didn't expect that Chao Gai and thosewithhim shouldhave done sucha greatmatter as this.....(3）大兄弟，这事就拜托你了。And so,brother,I will leavethe matter in yourhands（4）兄弟我不才，但还懂得“不以言举人，不以人废言”的道理。Ignorant as I am, I know not to promote a person for what he says nor toundervalue what is said because of the person who says it.练习：一、翻译下列句子注意词义的褒贬（commendatoryandderogatory）。1.他们讲索取，我们讲奉献。2.她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。二、翻译下列句子注意歧义词（ambiguity）的翻译，1）后太子犯法，刑其师傅，于是人民不敢违。2）文质彬彬，然后君子。3）君子成人之美。1)Theypreachtakingfromothers,whereasweadvocategivingtoothers2) What she seeks is truth, what he hankers after is but high position and greatwealth.3)Lateronwhentheprinceoffendedagainstthelawhisteacherwaspunishedso that no one dared to violate the law.4) Only when refinement and honesty are duly balanced will Great Man emerge5)Agentlemanisalwaysreadytohelpothers attain the irarms.人民：人类上古之时，人民少而禽兽众。一一《韩非子·五鑫》【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讨论了汉语中多义词、歧义词的特点及其英译策略。80田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 8 （2）Song Jing when he had seen the proclamation in his inner heart thought, “I didn’t expect that Chao Gai and those with him should have done such a great matter as this.” (3) 大兄弟，这事就拜托你了。 And so, brother, I will leave the matter in your hands. (4) 兄弟我不才，但还懂得“不以言举人，不以人废言”的道理。 Ignorant as I am, I know not to promote a person for what he says nor to undervalue what is said because of the person who says it. 练习： 一、翻译下列句子注意词义的褒贬（commendatory and derogatory）。 1. 他们讲索取，我们讲奉献。 2. 她追求的是真理，而他追求的是荣华富贵。 二、翻译下列句子注意歧义词（ambiguity）的翻译。 1）后太子犯法，刑其师傅，于是人民不敢违。 2）文质彬彬，然后君子。 3）君子成人之美。 1) They preach taking from others, whereas we advocate giving to others. 2) What she seeks is truth, what he hankers after is but high position and great wealth. 3) Later on when the prince offended against the law his teacher was punished so that no one dared to violate the law. 4) Only when refinement and honesty are duly balanced will Great Man emerge. 5) A gentle man is always ready to help others attain the ir arms. 人民：人类 上古之时,人民少而禽兽众。――《韩非子·五蠹》 【本讲课程的小结】今天我们主要讨论了汉语中多义词、歧义词的特点及 其英译策略
【本讲课程的作业】I.阅读课本第9单元（113一122页）并完成书上的练习。II.短文翻译：发现鸟儿飞过天空，留下一道美丽的痕迹，你可曾看见？暮色漫过原野，晚风的歌声在轻轻地流，你可曾听见？黑夜中，只要你抬起头，星光月色能照亮你幽幽梦想；跋涉中，只要你俯下身，瀑流水灌洗你日益蒙尘的心。不会去发现，生命就会一天抄袭一天，从而对生活充满厌倦和疲急；不会去发现，每天的日出日落每天的花开花谢只是不变的往复，从而用平淡的心过早地掩埋。（选自《演讲口才》2004年第10期）（作者：黑龙江：包利民）9田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 9 【本讲课程的作业】 I．阅读课本第 9 单元 （113－122 页）并完成书上的练习。 II．短文翻译： 发现 鸟儿飞过天空，留下一道美丽的痕迹，你可曾看见？暮色漫过原野，晚风 的歌声在轻轻地流淌，你可曾听见？黑夜中，只要你抬起头，星光月色能 照亮你幽幽梦想；跋涉中，只要你俯下身，潺潺流水濯洗你日益蒙尘的心。 不会去发现，生命就会一天抄袭一天，从而对生活充满厌倦和疲惫；不会 去发现，每天的日出日落每天的花开花谢只是不变的往复，从而用平淡的 心过早地掩埋。（选自《演讲口才》2004 年第 10 期）（作者：黑龙江：包利 民）
第11周，第_10讲次课程名称：《汉英翻译》摘要第六章第二节同义词与反义词的英译处理授课题目（章、节）本讲目的要求及重点难点：【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，学会汉译英的遣词用字问题。【难点】汉语中同义词、反义词的英译策略【难点】同义词的英译策略内容10田翠芸《汉英翻译》
田翠芸 《汉英翻译》 10 课程名称：《汉英翻译》 第 11 周，第 10 讲次 摘 要 授课题目（章、节） 第六章 第二节 同义词与反义词的英译处理 本讲目的要求及重点难点： 【目的要求】通过本讲课程的学习，学会汉译英的遣词用字问题。 【难 点】汉语中同义词、反义词的英译策略 【难 点】同义词的英译策略 内 容