第六章结构防火技术Chapter6Fire-resistanceStructure火灾和建筑防火基本知识Introduction to Fire Disaster and Fire Protection of buildings结构、构件的耐火性能FireResistanceof Structures and Structural Components建筑防火设计FireProtectionDesignofbuildings结构抗火设计FireResistanceDesignofStructures
第六章 结构防火技术 Chapter 6 Fire-resistance Structure 火灾和建筑防火基本知识 Introduction to Fire Disaster and Fire Protection of buildings 结构、构件的耐火性能 Fire Resistance of Structures and Structural Components 建筑防火设计 Fire Protection Design of buildings 结构抗火设计 Fire Resistance Design of Structures
6.1 Introduction to Fire Disaster and Fireprotection of buildingsIntroduction人类进步、社会发展离不开火，但是火如果失去控制，反过来会危害人类。Fireis indispensabletothedevelopmentof human society. However, fire will beharmful to human if it is out of control.Definition:火灾是由于在时间和空间上失去控制的燃烧所造成的灾害。Firehazardsarethe disaster caused by burning out ofcontrol overtimeandspace
6.1 Introduction to Fire Disaster and Fire protection of buildings Introduction 人类进步、社会发展离不开火，但是 火如果失去控制，反过来会危害人类。 Fire is indispensable to the development of human society. However, fire will be harmful to human if it is out of control. Definition： 火灾是由于在时间和空间上失去控制 的燃烧所造成的灾害。Fire hazards are the disaster caused by burning out of control over time and space
6.1.1 火灾分类 Types of Fire hazards火灾分类TypesofFirehazards按照物质燃烧特性将火灾分为A、B、C、DE五类●A类火灾：固体物质火灾，具有有机物质，产生灼热的灰煜，如木材、棉、毛、麻和纸张等●B类火灾：液体火灾和可熔化的固体物质火灾。如汽油、煤油、沥青和石蜡等Fire hazards are classified into A, B, C , D and E five typesaccording to the characteristics of burning materialsType A: Burning of solid materials such as wood, cotton, linen, andpaper that contains organic substances and produces hot ashes.oType B: Burning of liquids and melting solids such as Gasoline,kerosene,asphaltandparaffin
火灾分类 Types of Fire hazards 按照物质燃烧特性将火灾分为A、B、C、D E五类 A类火灾：固体物质火灾，具有有机物质，产生灼热的灰烬，如木 材、棉、毛、麻和纸张等 B类火灾：液体火灾和可熔化的固体物质火灾。如汽油、煤油、沥 青和石蜡等 Fire hazards are classified into A, B, C ，D and E five types according to the characteristics of burning materials Type A: Burning of solid materials such as wood, cotton, linen, and paper that contains organic substances and produces hot ashes. Type B: Burning of liquids and melting solids such as Gasoline, kerosene, asphalt and paraffin. 6.1.1 火灾分类 Types of Fire hazards
6.1.1 火灾分类 Types of Fire hazards火灾分类TypesofFirehazards间C类火灾：气体火灾。如煤气、液化气、甲烷、乙炔等D类火灾：金属火灾。如钾、纳、镁、锂等E类火灾：指带电设备火灾oType C: Burning of gases such as gas, liquefied petroleum gas,methane, acetylene etc.Type D: Burning of metal such as Potassium, sodium, magnesiumlithium etc.TypeE:Burningofelectricalequipment火灾发生次数最多、损失最为严重的当属建筑火灾However,themost commonand devastatingFire hazards arebuildingfire
火灾分类 Types of Fire hazards C类火灾：气体火灾。如煤气、液化气、甲烷、乙炔等 D类火灾：金属火灾。如钾、纳、镁、锂等 E类火灾：指带电设备火灾 Type C: Burning of gases such as gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methane, acetylene etc. Type D: Burning of metal such as Potassium, sodium, magnesium, lithium etc. Type E: Burning of electrical equipment 火灾发生次数最多、损失最为严重的当属建筑火灾 However, the most common and devastating Fire hazards are building fire. 6.1.1 火灾分类 Types of Fire hazards
火灾的巨大危害DevastationofFirehazardscase1:Fire hazard of Dongdu commercial buildingInLuoyangtime：2000年12月25日19时：地点：河南洛阳东都商厦；起火原因：违章电焊火花落入沙发起火：火灾损失：不详；火灾伤亡：造成309人死亡：case 2:Fire hazard of friendship hotel in KelamayiXinjiang火灾时间：1994年12月8日16时：发生地点：新疆克拉玛依友谊馆：起火原因：电线短路引燃舞台幕布起火；火灾损失：不详；火灾伤亡：造成325人死亡（其中288人是8一14周岁中小学生）；
火灾的巨大危害 Devastation of Fire hazards case1: Fire hazard of Dongdu commercial building In Luoyang time：2000年12月25日19时； 地点：河南洛阳东都商厦； 起火原因：违章电焊火花落入沙发起火； 火灾损失：不详； 火灾伤亡：造成309人死亡； case 2: Fire hazard of friendship hotel in Kelamayi Xinjiang火灾 时间：1994年12月8日16时； 发生地点：新疆克拉玛依友谊馆； 起火原因：电线短路引燃舞台幕布起火； 火灾损失：不详； 火灾伤亡：造成325人死亡（其中288人是8－14周岁中小学生）；
Case 3: fire in Petrochemical Plant in Lanzhou发生时间：2010年1月7日；发生地点：中石油兰州石化303厂起火原因：原料罐区石油罐发生闪爆：火灾伤亡：造成6人死亡，五人失踪
Case 3: fire in Petrochemical Plant in Lanzhou 发生时间：2010年1月7日； 发生地点：中石油兰州石化303厂； 起火原因：原料罐区石油罐发生闪爆； 火灾伤亡：造成6人死亡，五人失踪
6.1.2 Characteristic of building fire建筑起火的原因Causesofbuildingfire口生活和生产用火不慎Careless usageoffireinlifeandproduction口违反生产安全制度Violation of safety production rule口电气设备设计、安装、使用及维护不当Inappropriate design, installment, usage and maintenance ofelectrical equipment口自然现象引起Naturalphenomenon口人为纵火Arson口建筑布局不合理Unreasonable building layout
6.1.2 Characteristic of building fire 建筑起火的原因 Causes of building fire 生活和生产用火不慎 Careless usage of fire in life and production 违反生产安全制度 Violation of safety production rule 电气设备设计、安装、使用及维护不当 Inappropriate design, installment, usage and maintenance of electrical equipment 自然现象引起 Natural phenomenon 人为纵火 Arson 建筑布局不合理 Unreasonable building layout
火灾的发展过程Developmentoffire口火穴灾初期增长阶段、火灾全盛阶段、火灾衰退阶段initial growth stage, full burning stage, fire recession stage .初期增长阶段全盛阶段衰退阶段烟气最高温度的80%B轰然DA0燃烧时间
火灾的发展过程 Development of fire 火灾初期增长阶段、火灾全盛阶段、火灾衰退阶段 initial growth stage, full burning stage， fire recession stage . 初期增长阶段 全盛阶段 衰退阶段 室内火灾烟气 平均温度 O A B C D 轰然 烟气最高温度的80% 燃烧时间
火灾的发展过程Developmentoffire口初期增长阶段特征：火灾燃烧范围不大，火灾仅限于初始起火点附近室内温度差别大，在燃烧区域及其附近存在高温，室内平均温度低火灾发展速度较慢，在发展过程中火势不稳定；火灾发展时间因受点火源、可燃物质性质和分布以及通风条件影响，其长短差别很大。Characteristics of initial growth stage: The fire is limited to the initialfire point. The temperature indoor is very different that thetemperature in the combustion area and its vicinity is higher while theaverage temperature indoor is lower. The development of fire is slowand unstable and its duration is greatly influenced by the ignitionsource, the properties and distribution of combustible materials andthe ventilation conditions.口初期增长阶段是灭火的最有利时机，也是人员安全疏散的最有利时段The initial growth stage is the most favorable time for fire fightingandsafeevacuationofpeoples
火灾的发展过程 Development of fire 初期增长阶段特征：火灾燃烧范围不大，火灾仅限于初始起火点附近； 室内温度差别大，在燃烧区域及其附近存在高温，室内平均温度低； 火灾发展速度较慢，在发展过程中火势不稳定；火灾发展时间因受点 火源、可燃物质性质和分布以及通风条件影响，其长短差别很大。 Characteristics of initial growth stage: The fire is limited to the initial fire point. The temperature indoor is very different that the temperature in the combustion area and its vicinity is higher while the average temperature indoor is lower. The development of fire is slow and unstable and its duration is greatly influenced by the ignition source, the properties and distribution of combustible materials and the ventilation conditions. 初期增长阶段是灭火的最有利时机，也是人员安全疏散的最有利时段 The initial growth stage is the most favorable time for fire fighting and safe evacuation of peoples
full burning stage:在火灾初期增长阶段后期，火灾范围迅速扩大，当火灾房间温度达到一定值时，聚积在房间内的可燃气体突然起火，整个房间都充满了火焰，房间内所有可燃物表面部分都卷入火灾之中，燃烧很猛烈，温度升高很快。In the end of initial growth stage, the fire area expanded rapidlyWhen the room temperature reaches a certain value, thecombustible gas accumulated in the room suddenly caught fireand the room is full of flame. All the fuel surface are involved inthe fire. The combustion is fierce and the temperature risesrapidly
full burning stage: 在火灾初期增长阶段后期，火灾范围迅速扩大，当火灾房间温度 达到一定值时，聚积在房间内的可燃气体突然起火，整个房间都 充满了火焰，房间内所有可燃物表面部分都卷入火灾之中，燃烧 很猛烈，温度升高很快。 In the end of initial growth stage, the fire area expanded rapidly. When the room temperature reaches a certain value, the combustible gas accumulated in the room suddenly caught fire and the room is full of flame. All the fuel surface are involved in the fire. The combustion is fierce and the temperature rises rapidly