The clinical anatomy of trachea and bronchi: anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi. The clinical significance of the four physiological strictures of the esophagus 2. Endoscopy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus The indications and contraindications of esophagoscopy 3. Foreign bodies in the trachea and bronch The etiology, sorts, location, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in trachea and bronchi 4. Foreign bodies in the esophagus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the esophagus. Complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus 5. Caustic injuries of the esophagus The etiology, pathology I manifestations, prevention and treatment of ca injuries of the esophagus Chapter 5 Otology Objectives Anatomy and physiological functions of the ear: Mastering the structure and clinical significance of middle ear and its accessory. Recognizing the physiology of hearing and equilibrium and functions of Eustachian tube. Knowing the anatomical structures of the extenal and inner ear 2. Examination of the ear: mastering the examination methods of external ear and tympanic membrane. Recognizing tuning-fork test. Knowing pure tone audiometry,The clinical anatomy of trachea and bronchi: anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi. The clinical significance of the four physiological strictures of the esophagus. 2. Endoscopy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus. The indications and contraindications of esophagoscopy. 3. Foreign bodies in the trachea and bronchi. The etiology, sorts, location, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in trachea and bronchi. 4. Foreign bodies in the esophagus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the esophagus. Complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus. 5. Caustic injuries of the esophagus The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of caustic injuries of the esophagus. Chapter 5 Otology Objectives: 1. Anatomy and physiological functions of the ear: Mastering the structure and clinical significance of middle ear and its accessory. Recognizing the physiology of hearing and equilibrium and functions of Eustachian tube. Knowing the anatomical structures of the external and inner ear. 2. Examination of the ear: Mastering the examination methods of external ear and tympanic membrane. Recognizing tuning-fork test. Knowing pure tone audiometry