Teaching Outline of otorhinolaryngology Chapter 1 rhinology Objectives 1. Clinical anatomy of nose and paranasal sinus: Mastering the important anatomical structures of the nose, the relationship between nasal cavity and paranasal sinus and its clinical significance. Knowing the relationship of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus with orbit and skull cavity and its clinical significance. Recognizing physiological functions of the nose 2. Examination of nose and paranasal sinus: mastering the correct use of frontal mirror and nasal speculum. Knowing the clinical application of nasoendoscope Knowing the tests of olfaction and respiration. Knowing the normal appearance of external nose and nasal cavity. Knowing the imaging examinations of nasal cav ity and paranasal sinus 3. Emergency of rhinology: Mastering the common causes and the management of epistaxis. Knowing the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fracture of nasal bones nasal vestibulitis, nasal furuncle and foreign bodies in nasal cavity. Knowing the clinical manifestations and the treatment algorithm of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea 4. Inflammation of nasal cavity: Mastering the diagnosis and the treatment of acute rhinitis, chronic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. Mastering the difference between simple and hypertrophic rhinitis. Recognizing the influence of dust and chemical gas on nose 5. Inflammation of paranasal sinus: Recognizing the d iagnosis and the treatment algorithm of acute suppurative sinusitis. Mastering the diagnosis of chronic suppurative sinusitis and the difference between different types of chronic rhinitis
Teaching Outline of Otorhinolaryngology Chapter 1 Rhinology Objectives: 1. Clinical anatomy of nose and paranasal sinus: Mastering the important anatomical structures of the nose, the relationship between nasal cavity and paranasal sinus and its clinical significance. Knowing the relationship of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus with orbit and skull cavity and its clinical significance. Recognizing physiological functions of the nose. 2. Examination of nose and paranasal sinus: Mastering the correct use of frontal mirror and nasal speculum. Knowing the clinical application of nasoendoscope. Knowing the tests of olfaction and respiration. Knowing the normal appearance of external nose and nasal cavity. Knowing the imaging examinations of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. 3. Emergency of rhinology: Mastering the common causes and the management of epistaxis. Knowing the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fracture of nasal bones, nasal vestibulitis, nasal furuncle and foreign bodies in nasal cavity. Knowing the clinical manifestations and the treatment algorithm of cerebrospinal rhinorrhea. 4. Inflammation of nasal cavity: Mastering the diagnosis and the treatment of acute rhinitis, chronic rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis and allergic rhinitis. Mastering the difference between simple and hypertrophic rhinitis. Recognizing the influence of dust and chemical gas on nose. 5. Inflammation of paranasal sinus: Recognizing the diagnosis and the treatment algorithm of acute suppurative sinusitis. Mastering the diagnosis of chronic suppurative sinusitis and the difference between different types of chronic rhinitis
Knowing the therapeutic methods of chronic sinusitis(puncture and irrigation of maxillary sinus, drug displacement method and surgery, etc 6. Recognizing the etiology, diagnosis and management of nasal polyps 7. Recognizing the d iagnosis and treatment algorithm of the deviation of nasal 8. Nasal cyst: Knowing the clinical manifestations and the management of nasal sinus cyst 9. Tumors of nose: Mastering the clinical manifestations of benign tumors(papilloma hemangioma and osteoma) and its difference from malignant tumors. Mastering the diagnosis and management algorithm of malignant tumors of nasal cavity and Contents 1. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the nose Anatomical structures of external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Distribution of blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes in nasal cavity. Physiological functions of the nasal cavity 2. Examination of the nose Examination of the nasal cavity: anterior, posterior rhinoscopy and endoscopy Imaging studies of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Investigation of respiration and olfactory functions 3. Injuries of nose The diagnosis and management algorithm of the fracture of nasal bone and paranasal sInus
Knowing the therapeutic methods of chronic sinusitis (puncture and irrigation of maxillary sinus, drug displacement method and surgery, etc.) 6. Recognizing the etiology, diagnosis and management of nasal polyps. 7. Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment algorithm of the deviation of nasal septum. 8. Nasal cyst: Knowing the clinical manifestations and the management of nasal sinus cyst. 9. Tumors of nose: Mastering the clinical manifestations of benign tumors (papilloma, hemangioma and osteoma) and its difference from malignant tumors. Mastering the diagnosis and management algorithm of malignant tumors of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Contents: 1. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the nose Anatomical structures of external nose, nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Distribution of blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes in nasal cavity. Physiological functions of the nasal cavity. 2. Examination of the nose Examination of the nasal cavity: anterior, posterior rhinoscopy and endoscopy. Imaging studies of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Investigation of respiration and olfactory functions. 3. Injuries of nose The diagnosis and management algorithm of the fracture of nasal bone and paranasal sinus
4. Inflammation of external nose The clinical manifestations, complications and management algorithm of furuncle of nose 5. Inflammation of nasal cavity The etiology, clinical manifestations. complications and treatment of acute rhiniti The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations(d ifferentiation between simple and hypertrophic rhinitis) and treatment of chronic rhinitis. The pathology and clinical manifestations of atrophic rhinitis 6. Allergic disorder of the nose The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis The clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and treatment of nasal polyps 7. Disorder of nasal septum The clinical manifestations and treatment of deviation of the nasal septum 8. Epistaxis The etiology and treatment of epistaxis 9. Foreign bodies in nasal cavity and paranasal sinus The diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in nasal cavity and paranasal sinus 10. Inflammation of paranasal sinus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment algorithm of the acute suppurative sinusitis. Puncture and irrigation of maxillary sinus. The diagnosis and treatment of chronic suppurative sinusitis
4. Inflammation of external nose The clinical manifestations, complications and management algorithm of furuncle of the nose. 5. Inflammation of nasal cavity The etiology, clinical manifestations, complications and treatment of acute rhinitis. The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations (differentiation between simple and hypertrophic rhinitis) and treatment of chronic rhinitis. The pathology and clinical manifestations of atrophic rhinitis. 6. Allergic disorder of the nose The pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of allergic rhinitis. The clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and treatment of nasal polyps. 7. Disorder of nasal septum The clinical manifestations and treatment of deviation of the nasal septum. 8. Epistaxis The etiology and treatment of epistaxis. 9. Foreign bodies in nasal cavity and paranasal sinus The diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. 10. Inflammation of paranasal sinus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment algorithm of the acute suppurative sinusitis. Puncture and irrigation of maxillary sinus. The diagnosis and treatment of chronic suppurative sinusitis
11. Tumors of nose-anterior skull base The clinical manifestations and treatment of nasal papilloma. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus Chapter 2 Pharyngology Objectives 1. Anatomy of the pharynx: Mastering the important anatomical structures of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. Recognizing the structural features of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring and the anatomy of parapharyngeal space. Recognizing the physiological functions of the pharynx 2. Examination of the pharynx: Mastering the normal appearance of nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. Mastering the examination methods of oropharynx Knowing the examination methods of nasopharynx and laryngopharynx 3. Inflammation of pharynx: Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pharyngitis. Recognizing the clinical manifestations and management of denoidal hypertrophy. Mastering the clinical manifestations, management of acute and chronic tonsillitis and the difference between pharyngitis and diphtheria Mastering the surgical ind ications and contraindications of tonsillectomy 4. Pharyngeal abscess: Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of peritonsillar abscess. Knowing the clinical manifestations and management algorithm of retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess 5. Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of foreign bod ies in the pharynx 6. Tumors of the pharynx: Mastering the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which is one of the most common malignant
11. Tumors of nose-anterior skull base The clinical manifestations and treatment of nasal papilloma. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Chapter 2 Pharyngology Objectives: 1. Anatomy of the pharynx: Mastering the important anatomical structures of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. Recognizing the structural features of the pharyngeal lymphoid ring and the anatomy of parapharyngeal space. Recognizing the physiological functions of the pharynx. 2. Examination of the pharynx: Mastering the normal appearance of nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. Mastering the examination methods of oropharynx. Knowing the examination methods of nasopharynx and laryngopharynx. 3. Inflammation of pharynx: Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pharyngitis. Recognizing the clinical manifestations and management of adenoidal hypertrophy. Mastering the clinical manifestations, management of acute and chronic tonsillitis and the difference between pharyngitis and diphtheria. Mastering the surgical indications and contraindications of tonsillectomy. 4. Pharyngeal abscess: Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of peritonsillar abscess. Knowing the clinical manifestations and management algorithm of retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal abscess. 5. Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in the pharynx. 6. Tumors of the pharynx: Mastering the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which is one of the most common malignant
tumors in China. Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal fibroangioma. Knowing the main clinical manifestations and treatment algorithm of tumor of infratemporal fossa 7. Knowing the clinical manifestations of aids of the ear, nose, pharynx and larynx Contents 1. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the pharynx Composition of the pharynx. Space of the pharynx: retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal space. Lymph nodes, blood vessels and nerves of the pharynx Physiological functions of the pharynx 2. Examination of the pharynx Examination and the normal appearance of nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx 3. Pharyngitis The diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pharyngitis 4. Tonsillitis The etiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic tonsillitis. The ind ication and contraind ication of tonsillectomy 5. Adenoid itis The clinical manifestations, d iagnosis and treatment of adenoidal hypertrophy 6. Pharyngeal abscess
tumors in China. Recognizing the diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal fibroangioma. Knowing the main clinical manifestations and treatment algorithm of tumor of infratemporal fossa. 7. Knowing the clinical manifestations of aids of the ear, nose, pharynx and larynx. Contents: 1. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the pharynx Composition of the pharynx. Space of the pharynx: retropharyngeal and parapharyngeal space. Lymph nodes, blood vessels and nerves of the pharynx. Physiological functions of the pharynx. 2. Examination of the pharynx Examination and the normal appearance of nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx. 3. Pharyngitis The diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pharyngitis. 4. Tonsillitis The etiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic tonsillitis. The indication and contraindication of tonsillectomy. 5. Adenoiditis The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of adenoidal hypertrophy. 6. Pharyngeal abscess
The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of peritonsillar abscess. The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of retropharyngeal abscess. The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of parapharyngeal abscess 7. Tumors of the pharynx The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal fibroangioma The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma Chapter 3 Laryngology Objectives 1. Clinical anatomy and physiological functions of the lary cognizing cartilage framework of the larynx(the role and clinical significance of cricoid cartilage) laryngeal muscles, structure of the laryngeal cavity(supraglottic, glottic and infraglottic portion), nerves and lymph nodes of the larynx. Recognizing the anatomical features and clinical significance of the larynx in children. Recognizing the physiological functions of the larynx 2. Examination of the larynx: Recognizing indirect laryngoscopy. Knowing direct laryngoscopy, fibrolaryngoscopy, microlaryngoscopy, strobolaryngoscope, investigation methods of laryngeal functions and imaging studies of the larynx. 3. Inflammation of larynx: Recognizing the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute laryngitis, chronic laryngitis, acute laryngitis in children and acute epiglottitis. Knowing the difference of chronic laryngitis from polyp of vocal cord vocal nodules and hysterical aphonia and the prevention and treatment algorithm
The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of peritonsillar abscess. The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of retropharyngeal abscess. The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of parapharyngeal abscess. 7. Tumors of the pharynx The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal fibroangioma. The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chapter 3 Laryngology Objectives: 1. Clinical anatomy and physiological functions of the larynx: Recognizing cartilage framework of the larynx (the role and clinical significance of cricoid cartilage), laryngeal muscles, structure of the laryngeal cavity (supraglottic, glottic and infraglottic portion), nerves and lymph nodes of the larynx. Recognizing the anatomical features and clinical significance of the larynx in children. Recognizing the physiological functions of the larynx. 2. Examination of the larynx: Recognizing indirect laryngoscopy. Knowing direct laryngoscopy, fibrolaryngoscopy, microlaryngoscopy, strobolaryngoscopy, investigation methods of laryngeal functions and imaging studies of the larynx. 3. Inflammation of larynx: Recognizing the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute laryngitis, chronic laryngitis, acute laryngitis in children and acute epiglottitis. Knowing the difference of chronic laryngitis from polyp of vocal cord, vocal nodules and hysterical aphonia and the prevention and treatment algorithm
4. Injuries of the larynx: Recognizing the clinical manifestations and salvage measures of contusion, cutting and burning injuries of the larynx. Knowing the diagnosis and treatment of stenosis of the larynx 5. Mastering the etiology, clinical manifestations, differential d iagnosis and management of laryngeal obstruction. Recognizing the indications, surgical procedures and common complications of tracheotomy 6. Neural disorders of the larynx: Knowing the clinical manifestations, diagnosis treatment algorithm of laryngeal paralysis 7. Tumors of larynx and neck: Recognizing the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment algorithm of laryngeal papilloma. Mastering the clinical manifestations differential d iagnosis and management of laryngeal carcinoma. Knowing the clinical manifestations and treatment algorithm of thyroglossal duct cyst, ectopic thyroid gland and cervical lymph node metastases Contents: 1. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the larynx Cartilage framework of the larynx. Composition of laryngeal muscles. Structure of laryngeal cavity: supraglottic, glottic and infraglottic portion. Blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes of the larynx. Anatomical features and clinical significance of the larynx in children. Physiological functions of the larynx: respiration, phonation, protection and holding breath 2. Examination of the larynx Ind irect laryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, fibrolaryngoscopy, microlaryngoscopy, strobolaryngoscope, and investigation of laryngeal function 3. Injuries of the larynx
4. Injuries of the larynx: Recognizing the clinical manifestations and salvage measures of contusion, cutting and burning injuries of the larynx. Knowing the diagnosis and treatment of stenosis of the larynx. 5. Mastering the etiology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and management of laryngeal obstruction. Recognizing the indications, surgical procedures and common complications of tracheotomy. 6. Neural disorders of the larynx: Knowing the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment algorithm of laryngeal paralysis. 7. Tumors of larynx and neck: Recognizing the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment algorithm of laryngeal papilloma. Mastering the clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis and management of laryngeal carcinoma. Knowing the clinical manifestations and treatment algorithm of thyroglossal duct cyst, ectopic thyroid gland and cervical lymph node metastases. Contents: 1. Clinical anatomy and physiology of the larynx Cartilage framework of the larynx. Composition of laryngeal muscles. Structure of laryngeal cavity: supraglottic, glottic and infraglottic portion. Blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes of the larynx. Anatomical features and clinical significance of the larynx in children. Physiological functions of the larynx: respiration, phonation, protection and holding breath. 2. Examination of the larynx Indirect laryngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, fibrolaryngoscopy, microlaryngoscopy, strobolaryngoscopy, and investigation of laryngeal function. 3. Injuries of the larynx
The etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of contusion of the larynx. The etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of cutting injury of the larynx. The etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of scald, burning injury of the larynx The etiology, clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of stenosis of the larynx 4. Acute inflammatory disorders of the larynx The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute epiglottitis. The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute laryngitis. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute laryngitis in children 5. Chronic inflammatory disorders of the larynx The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of chronic laryngitis. The clinical manifestations, d iagnosis and treatment of vocal nodules. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of polyp of vocal cord 6. Neural and psychiatrical disorders of the larynx The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of hysterical aphonia The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal paralysis 7. Laryngeal obstruction The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal obstruction 8. Tracheotomy The clinical anatomy of trachea. Surgical indication and procedures. Postoperative care and complications
The etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of contusion of the larynx. The etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of cutting injury of the larynx. The etiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of scald, burning injury of the larynx. The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of stenosis of the larynx. 4. Acute inflammatory disorders of the larynx The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute epiglottitis. The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute laryngitis. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of acute laryngitis in children. 5. Chronic inflammatory disorders of the larynx The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of chronic laryngitis. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of vocal nodules. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of polyp of vocal cord. 6. Neural and psychiatrical disorders of the larynx The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of hysterical aphonia. The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal paralysis. 7. Laryngeal obstruction The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal obstruction. 8. Tracheotomy The clinical anatomy of trachea. Surgical indication and procedures. Postoperative care and complications
9. Tumors of the lary The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations and treatment of laryngeal papilloma The diagnosis and treatment of other benign tumors of the larynx(hemangioma. fibroma and neurofibroma). The etiology, pathology, staging, clinical manifestations, metastasis, diagnosis, differential d iagnosis and treatment of laryngeal carcinoma Chapter 4 Tracheoesophgology 1. Clinical anatomy of the trachea and bronchi: Recognizing the anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi 2. Knowing bronchoscopy and its therapeutic role 3. Mastering the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis prevention and treatment of foreign bodies in the larynx, trachea, bronchi 4. Recognizing the clinical anatomy of the esophagus and the clinical significance of the four physiological strictures 5. Knowing esophagoscopy and its therapeutic role 6. Mastering the etiology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of foreign bod ies in the esophagus. Knowing the common complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus 7. Recognizing the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of chemical injuries of the pharynx and esophagus Contents 1. Clinical anatomy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus
9. Tumors of the larynx The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations and treatment of laryngeal papilloma. The diagnosis and treatment of other benign tumors of the larynx (hemangioma, fibroma and neurofibroma). The etiology, pathology, staging, clinical manifestations, metastasis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal carcinoma. Chapter 4 Tracheoesophgology Objectives: 1. Clinical anatomy of the trachea and bronchi: Recognizing the anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi. 2. Knowing bronchoscopy and its therapeutic role. 3. Mastering the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, prevention and treatment of foreign bodies in the larynx, trachea, bronchi. 4. Recognizing the clinical anatomy of the esophagus and the clinical significance of the four physiological strictures. 5. Knowing esophagoscopy and its therapeutic role. 6. Mastering the etiology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of foreign bodies in the esophagus. Knowing the common complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus. 7. Recognizing the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of chemical injuries of the pharynx and esophagus. Contents: 1. Clinical anatomy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus
The clinical anatomy of trachea and bronchi: anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi. The clinical significance of the four physiological strictures of the esophagus 2. Endoscopy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus The indications and contraindications of esophagoscopy 3. Foreign bodies in the trachea and bronch The etiology, sorts, location, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in trachea and bronchi 4. Foreign bodies in the esophagus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the esophagus. Complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus 5. Caustic injuries of the esophagus The etiology, pathology I manifestations, prevention and treatment of ca injuries of the esophagus Chapter 5 Otology Objectives Anatomy and physiological functions of the ear: Mastering the structure and clinical significance of middle ear and its accessory. Recognizing the physiology of hearing and equilibrium and functions of Eustachian tube. Knowing the anatomical structures of the extenal and inner ear 2. Examination of the ear: mastering the examination methods of external ear and tympanic membrane. Recognizing tuning-fork test. Knowing pure tone audiometry
The clinical anatomy of trachea and bronchi: anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi. The clinical significance of the four physiological strictures of the esophagus. 2. Endoscopy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus. The indications and contraindications of esophagoscopy. 3. Foreign bodies in the trachea and bronchi. The etiology, sorts, location, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in trachea and bronchi. 4. Foreign bodies in the esophagus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the esophagus. Complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus. 5. Caustic injuries of the esophagus The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of caustic injuries of the esophagus. Chapter 5 Otology Objectives: 1. Anatomy and physiological functions of the ear: Mastering the structure and clinical significance of middle ear and its accessory. Recognizing the physiology of hearing and equilibrium and functions of Eustachian tube. Knowing the anatomical structures of the external and inner ear. 2. Examination of the ear: Mastering the examination methods of external ear and tympanic membrane. Recognizing tuning-fork test. Knowing pure tone audiometry
