教学重点 汉英词语对比 教学难点 汉英词语对比 课时分配 四学时 教学方法 讲练结合,师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P67练习三 作业与辅导(内 容、时间 课本P67练习三 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏嶶,上海外语教育出版社,2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟,国防工业出版社,2006 参考文献 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽,重庆大学出版社,2004 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等,陕西人民出版社,1983 Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study between Chinese and english English and Chinese belong to different language families. Englishbelongs to Indo-European language family and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetanlanguage family. Consequently the two languages are quite different We shouldstudy the similarities and differences of the two languages to improve thepractical translation ability. L A contrastivestudy of scripts between English and Chinese (See students'book P33) Introduction to the Chinese Scrip The Chinese script is one of the oldest andmost widely used writing systems in the world. It has a history of about sixthousand years, and is used by about one fourth of the total population onearth.(从历史的角度观察汉语和英语,我们首先注意到,这两种语言分属于不同语系,即汉语属于汉藏语系,而英语 属于印欧语系。汉藏语系是人类语言中形成最早、流通最广、使用人数很多的一种,汉语则是其中最具代表性的一种语言。印欧语系是世界上使用最广的语系,大约世界人 口的一半以上都以该语系作为母语,英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之 语已有6000多年的历史,甲骨文被认为是汉语的起源。汉语是一种表意文字,如“人”、“日”、“家”、“中”等。早在公元前206年,中国的语言学家就编撰了 世界上第一部解释词义的专著《尔雅》。公元100年,又一部汉语语言工具书《说文解字》出版。这表明中国的学者很早就开始了对汉语进行研究。 英语的历史有1500多年。英语起源于五世纪中叶,经历了三个历史时期:即古英语时期,中古英语时期和现代英语时期。英语是拼音文字,其词汇之多居人类诸语言之 首。英语已成为当今世界上使用最广泛的语言,广泛运用于政治、经济、科技和文化等许多领域。 Ch acters areclosely interwoven with the development of Chinese culture. Chinese ersare the basic carriers of the traditional Chinese cultu he long history of the Chinese nation. One %>s an important tool for extending, spreading and exchanging ideas, they have played a criticalrole in ell argue that withoutChinese characters Chinese cult ould not have ach The Chine system, inwhich the graphic图表的 structure is directly relat the meaning. Hence toward mastery of Chinese characters is to learn thecharacteristics of their composition Fix i. In the study of the composition of Chinesecharacters, as four writings. That is, there are four types of characters the terms of their composition: P pictographic riting, indica evertheless the four wri opment of Chinesecharacters. It may help learners better unders tand the composition of Chinesecharacters and their original meanings, and hence use them more accurately. A pictograph is a depiction of a material ob ject. Chinese characters mostly originated from picture writing. In other words, most Chinese characters were originally pictures of objects. However, there is afundamental difference between pictographs and pictures former, usuallyrough sketches of ojects(e 狭 river an big )or consisting of a characteristi rt only(e onunciations, and have be Symbolic are much simpler thanthe latter. More important is that pictographs are associated with definitemeanings and as a result ofincreasing simplification and abstraction, pictographs of the later ages arequite ferent from their originals. Compared with those in the Oracle-BoneInscriptions, pictographs in the Regular Script are no longer picture like. In sense they are not really pictogra materialobjects, but the abstract concepts in language are formless, which renders itinposmains 2. Indicatives or Indica composing Chinese characters. The oth ofpictographs, and that is why their mumber is linited.However, pictographyre to depict them. This impossibility inevi tably hinders the the no Indicatives refer to the way of forming abstractcharacters with indicating signs. There are two subt ypes of indicatives: one iscomposed of a ctograph and an indicating sign, e. 七(root) y(treetop) the other is composed purely of abstractsign, e. g. (on Indicatives account for the smallest percentage ofChinese characters. The reason is that for most characters there are siaplerways of composit characters referring to material objects nay be composedpictographically and those expressing abstract concepts may be 3. Ideographsor Associative of another r(森、从) Ideographs are compounds moreexisting characters. In terms of structure, an ideograph is a composition oftwo or more character ide by sid wo trees together 3a refers to a group of trees-grove, and the character made up trees means a place full a forest And the character * f consists of (man) and n(tree), signifies that man istaking a rest against onsists of a semantic radical and phonetic radical. The semantic radical indicates its semantic field and thephonetic radical its pronuncia compoun tree)as theradical like s(pine), R(cypress), (peach) are all names of trees as the radical like崩(push),T(pu1),矗(lift) ver the semantic radical only shows thegeneral semantic class of the character, not its specific meaning. The specificmeanings of the characters sharing the same教学重点 汉英词语对比 教学难点 汉英词语对比 课时分配 四学时 教学方法 讲练结合，师生互动 教学手段 常规教学 思考题目 课本P.67 练习三 作业与辅导（内 容、时间） 课本P.67 练习三 参考文献 ①《汉英翻译教程》陈宏薇，上海外语教育出版社，2004 ②《简明翻译教程》陈昭伟，国防工业出版社，2006 ③《汉英翻译教程》朱徽，重庆大学出版社，2004 ④《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌等， 陕西人民出版社，1983 Chapter 4 A Contrastive Study BetweenChinese and English English and Chinese belong to different language families. Englishbelongs to Indo-European language family and Chinese belongs to Sino-Tibetanlanguage family. Consequently the two languages are quite different. We shouldstudy the similarities and differences of the two languages to improve thepractical translation ability. I. A contrastivestudy of scripts between English and Chinese (See students’ book P.33) Introduction to the Chinese Script The Chinese script is one of the oldest andmost widely used writing systems in the world. It has a history of about sixthousand years, and is used by about one fourth of the total population onearth. (从历史的角度观察汉语和英语，我们首先注意到，这两种语言分属于不同语系，即汉语属于汉藏语系，而英语 属于印欧语系。汉藏语系是人类语言中形成最早、流通最广、使用人数很多的一种，汉语则是其中最具代表性的一种语言。印欧语系是世界上使用最广的语系，大约世界人 口的一半以上都以该语系作为母语,英语是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。 汉语已有6000多年的历史，甲骨文被认为是汉语的起源。汉语是一种表意文字，如“人”、“日”、“家”、“中”等。早在公元前206年，中国的语言学家就编撰了 世界上第一部解释词义的专著《尔雅》。公元100年，又一部汉语语言工具书《说文解字》出版。这表明中国的学者很早就开始了对汉语进行研究。 英语的历史有1500多年。英语起源于五世纪中叶，经历了三个历史时期：即古英语时期，中古英语时期和现代英语时期。英语是拼音文字，其词汇之多居人类诸语言之 首。英语已成为当今世界上使用最广泛的语言，广泛运用于政治、经济、科技和文化等许多领域。 ) The creation and evolution of Chinese characters areclosely interwoven with the development of Chinese culture. Chinese charactersare the basic carriers of the traditional Chinese culture, and, as an importanttool for extending, spreading and exchanging ideas, they have played a criticalrole in the long history of the Chinese nation. One may well argue that withoutChinese characters Chinese culture would not have achieved the splendors itdid. The Chinese script is an ideographic writing system, inwhich the graphic图表的structure is directly related to the meaning.Hence the first step toward mastery of Chinese characters is to learn thecharacteristics of their composition成份.In the study of the composition of Chinesecharacters, there is a traditional theory known as four writings. That is,there are four types of characters in the terms of their composition: Pictographsor pictographic writing, indicatives, ideographs, phoneticcompounds, Strictly speaking, the four refer to the ways of composingChinese characters, Nevertheless the four writings’ theory is basically correctin revealing the general pattern in the creation and development of Chinesecharacters. It may help learners better understand the composition of Chinesecharacters and their original meanings, and hence use them more accurately. 1.Pictographspictographic writing  (日、月、山、水、人等) A pictograph is a depiction of a material object.Chinese characters mostly originated from picture writing. In other words, mostChinese characters were originally pictures of objects. However, there is afundamental difference between pictographs and pictures: the former, usuallyrough sketches of objects(e. g. ら "sun" , る"moon" , "mountain" , 猠 "river" , "man" , "big" ) or consisting of a characteristic part only(e.g. "ox", ο "sheep" ), are much simpler thanthe latter. More important is that pictographs are associated with definitemeanings and pronunciations, and have become symbolic, and as a result ofincreasing simplification and abstraction, pictographs of the later ages arequite deferent from their originals. Compared with those in the Oracle-BoneInscriptions, pictographs in the Regular Script are no longer picture like. Ina sense they are not really pictographic, but simply symbolic. Pictographs are based on the external form of materialobjects, but the abstract concepts in language are formless, which renders itimpossible to depict them. This impossibility inevitably hinders the growth ofpictographs, and that is why their number is limited. However, pictographyremains the most important method of composing Chinese characters. The othersare only developments on this method and variations. 2. Indicatives or Indicative Character（一、二、三、上、下） Indicatives refer to the way of forming abstractcharacters with indicating signs. There are two subtypes of indicatives: one iscomposed of a pictograph and an indicating sign, e.g. (knife-edge) , セ(root) , ソ(treetop) ; the other is composed purely of abstractsign, e.g. (on the top) , (underneath) , (one), (two) and(three). Indicatives account for the smallest percentage ofChinese characters. The reason is that for most characters there are simplerways of composition: characters referring to material objects may be composedpictographically and those expressing abstract concepts may be composedideographically or by way of phonic-compounding. 3. Ideographsor Associative Character (森、从) Ideographs are compounds, composed of two or moreexisting characters. In terms of structure, an ideograph is a composition oftwo or more characters side by side or one on top of another. In terms ofmeaning, an ideograph is also a composition of the meanings of its componentcharacters. For example, the single character れ stands for a tree, two trees together 狶 refers to a group of trees-grove, and the character made up ofthree trees 此 means a place full of trees, a forest.And the character ヰ consists of (man) and れ(tree) , signifies that man istaking a rest against a tree. 4. Phonetic-semanticcompounds or morpheme-phonetic character ()   A phonetic compound consists of a semantic radical and aphonetic radical. The semantic radical indicates its semantic field and thephonetic radical its pronunciation. For example, phonetic-semantic compoundswith れ(tree) as theradical like 猀(pine), 琭(cypress), (peach) are all names of trees; those with も(hand) as the radical like 崩(push), ┰(pull),矗(lift), (press) all refer toactions performed by the hand. However the semantic radical only shows thegeneral semantic class of the character, not its specific meaning. The specificmeanings of the characters sharing the same