①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼,上海外语教育出版社,2011 参考文献 陈昭卫,《简明翻译教程》国防工业出版社,2006 ③朱徽,《汉英翻译教程》重庆大学出版社,2004 Chapter 3 The Method of Translation Translating methods are undoubtedly the coreproblems we are confronted with in translation. There are many kinds of translating methods: literaltranslation, free translation, ansliteration and the synthesis of literaltranslation and free translation and so on. Among these methods, literaltranslation and free translation are the two main translating methods which are commonly adopted by us. Inrecent years, the two strategies of translation, domestication and foreignizationare put forward. There exists much misunderstanding that foreignization anddomestication are literal and free translation. To clarify the misunderstanding, let'sdistinguish the two pairs of terms. L. Literal translation and free translation(直译与意译) Practically there are two kinds of translation. One is literal translation and the other is free translation. In fact, the two methods are both necessary. Sometimes you may use the hethodof literal translation, sometimes that of free translation, and sometimes bothof them be employed together 1. Literal translation Literal translation refers to an adequaterepresentation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallieswith the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammaticalstructure and rhetorical devices, literal translation must be used.. Eg. the longsleep(长眠); see God见上帝) see Mark(见马克思) see one' s ancestors(见祖先; go west归 西); go to heaven(进天国; crocodile tears(鳄鱼的眼泪; be armed to teeth(武装到牙齿), chainreaction(连锁反应 gentle' s agreement(君子协定) Free translation(also called liberal translation) Free translation does not adhere strictly to theform or word order of the original, When there exist dissimilarities or greatdifferences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary, ungrammatical structure and artistic devices, free translation should be employed. Eg At sixes and sevens(乱七八糟) It rains cats and dog.(大雨滂沱) Don't cross the bridge till you get to it. 到了桥边才过桥。(字面直译,费解 不必担心太早不必自寻烦恼(意译) Do you see any green in my eye?你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗? We can hardly say which is preferable: literaltranslation or free translation. Each has its merits and defects di'fekt). Some people prefer literal translation. Mr. Lu Xunrepresents this class of translators. He said, "Rather to be faithful (unthought) than smooth(in Language).And he did as he said. Others like freetranslation. Mr. Yan Fu had many classical works thus translated, such as TheOrigin of Species 'spi: iz(《物种起源》) and The ions((原富》). These are good examples of free translation 事实上,在目前翻译界,有关翻译的方法有更为准确的提法:异法( foreignizing method)和归化法( domesticating method)·正如1995年由美囯翻译理论家劳伦斯韦 努蒂( Lawrence venuti)在《译者的隐形》( The Translator'slnvisibility)书中提出的,从历史上来看异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念的延伸,但又不完全等同于直译与 意译。直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义,异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限,将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。翻译作为一种语际 间的交际,不仅是语言的转换过程,同时也是文化的移植过程。归化与异化是其中一对非常重要的策略和方法,涉及到文化内容的处理 I. Strategies of Translation( foreignization and domestication)(另见课本34-47内容) 谋事在人,成事在天 Hawkes version: Man proposes, Goddisposes. (domestication (1) In Yang s version foreignization is used becauseof the use of" Heaven”.在中国古代,道教、佛教和儒家思想对中国文化产生的影响十分巨大而深远。“天”被中国人顶 礼膜拜,皇帝被总称为“天子”,封建王朝被称为“天朝”。因此汉语中有许多与天有关的词语。 (2) In hawkes’ version domestication is used because of the use of“God基督教是西方文化的一大背景。中世纪时期,基督教被英国人作为国教而信奉,而其他宗教信仰则 被当作邪教。《圣经》的出现和传教士用英语布道使得上帝和人们的生活更加紧密。英语中有许多与上帝god有关的词语,例如 od bless you!(老天保佑) My god!(我的 知道!) For god’ s sake!(看在老天的份上!) 西方文化里的上帝是万能的,神圣的,是道德、力量和正义的化身,人民决不能藐视他,对他不忠诚。而在汉语里,虽然天也是神秘的,但人们可以诅咒它,老天爷有 时也不公正。例如“老天爷呀,你为什么不睁眼呀!”表示对上天的不满 1. Definitions of foreignization and domestication Foreignization is a source language culture orientedtranslation(异化以原语文化为归宿) which strives to preserve the foreignflavor as much as possible in order to transfer traens't: the source language and culture into the target one.异化即在翻译中要保留原文语言和文化,让译文语言的读者感受到其他文化的存在与独特魅力。其表现方法在译语读者看来 不合常規的、新奇的,从而产生一种异国情调,即所谓的“洋味”。异化不仅能保留原文纯语言的形式特色,而且还能引进异域的文化因素。例如,“ to kill two birds with one stone”(一石二鸟)是异化译法,(一箭双雕),(一举两得)是归化译法;“ All roads leadto (条条大路通罗马)是异化译法,(殊途同归)是归化 译法。异化提倡译文应当尽量去适应、照顾原语的文化及原作者的遣词用字习惯,从而丰富译入语语言及文化,较好地满足译入语读者对译文“异域性“的要求。 (1) Literaltranslation or transliteration(直译或音译) 气功 qigong:功夫 gongfu;叩头 koutou 有时汉语的成语翻译也采取直译的方法,使译文读者得到同原文一样生动、准确的形象意义。如:画蛇添足 draw a snake and add feet to it 打草惊蛇 井底之蛙 to be frog at the bot tom of a well 声东击西 (2) Literal translation with notes(直译加注 A4HE Xi shi, a famousbeauty in ancient China of the Spring and Autumn Period (770 476B. C. fjiA Su Shi, the other name of the famouseleventh century poet Su Tung-po. (Tr. by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang) Domestication refers to the targetlanguage culture oriented translation(归化是以目的语文化为归宿) in which unusualexpressions to the target culture are exploited(开发 用) and turned into some familiarones so as to make the translated text intelligible in,]( capable of being understood) and easy for the targetreaders归化是用带有某些译语文参考文献 ①《新编英汉翻译教程》孙致礼，上海外语教育出版社，2011 ②陈昭卫，《简明翻译教程》国防工业出版社，2006 ③朱徽，《汉英翻译教程》重庆大学出版社，2004 Chapter 3 The Method of Translation Translating methods are undoubtedly the coreproblems we are confronted with in translation. There are many kinds of translating methods: literaltranslation, free translation, transliteration and the synthesis of literaltranslation and free translation and so on. Among these methods, literaltranslation and free translation are the two main translating methods which are commonly adopted by us. Inrecent years, the two strategies of translation, domestication and foreignizationare put forward. There exists much misunderstanding that foreignization anddomestication are literal and free translation. To clarify the misunderstanding, let’sdistinguish the two pairs of terms. Ⅰ. Literal translation and free translation (直译与意译) Practically there are two kinds of translation. One is literal translation and the other is free translation.In fact, the two methods are both necessary. Sometimes you may use the methodof literal translation, sometimes that of free translation, and sometimes bothof them be employed together. 1. Literal translation Literal translation refers to an adequaterepresentation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallieswith the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammaticalstructure and rhetorical devices, literal translation must be used…Eg. the longsleep(长眠) ; see God(见上帝); see Mark(见马克思); see one’s ancestors(见祖先); go west(归 西);go to heaven(进天国); crocodile tears(鳄鱼的眼泪); be armed to teeth(武装到牙齿); chainreaction(连锁反应); gentle’s agreement（君子协定） 2. Free translation(also called liberal translation) Free translation does not adhere strictly to theform or word order of the original. When there exist dissimilarities or greatdifferences between English and Chinese in the sequence of vocabulary, ingrammatical structure and artistic devices, free translation should be employed. Eg. At sixes and sevens (乱七八糟) It rains cats and dogs.（大雨滂沱） Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. 到了桥边才过桥。（字面直译，费解） 不必担心太早/不必自寻烦恼（意译） Do you see any green in my eye? 你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？ We can hardly say which is preferable: literaltranslation or free translation. Each has its merits and defects[di'fekt]. Some people prefer literal translation. Mr. Lu Xunrepresents this class of translators. He said, “Rather to be faithful (inthought) than smooth (in Language)”.And he did as he said. Others like freetranslation. Mr. Yan Fu had many classical works thus translated, such as TheOrigin of Species ['spi:ʃiz] (《物种起源》) and The Wealth of Nations(《原富》). These are good examples of free translation. 事实上，在目前翻译界，有关翻译的方法有更为准确的提法：异化法（foreigninzing method）和归化法（domesticating method）。正如1995年由美国翻译理论家劳伦斯.韦 努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）在《译者的隐形》(The Translator’sInvisibility)一书中提出的，从历史上来看异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念的延伸，但又不完全等同于直译与 意译。直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言、文化和美学等因素。翻译作为一种语际 间的交际，不仅是语言的转换过程，同时也是文化的移植过程。归化与异化是其中一对非常重要的策略和方法，涉及到文化内容的处理。 Ⅱ. Strategies of Translation (foreignization and domestication) （另见课本34-47内容） 谋事在人，成事在天 Yang’s version: Man proposes, Heaven disposes. （foreignization） Hawkes’ version: Man proposes, Goddisposes.（domestication） (1) In Yang’s version foreignization is used becauseof the use of “Heaven”. 在中国古代，道教、佛教和儒家思想对中国文化产生的影响十分巨大而深远。“天”被中国人顶 礼膜拜，皇帝被总称为“天子”，封建王朝被称为“天朝”。因此汉语中有许多与天有关的词语。 (2) In Hawkes’ version domestication is used because of the use of “God”.基督教是西方文化的一大背景。中世纪时期，基督教被英国人作为国教而信奉，而其他宗教信仰则 被当作邪教。《圣经》的出现和传教士用英语布道使得上帝和人们的生活更加紧密。英语中有许多与上帝god有关的词语，例如God bless you!（老天保佑）My god!（我的 天哪！）God knows.（天知道！）For god’s sake!（看在老天的份上！） 西方文化里的上帝是万能的，神圣的，是道德、力量和正义的化身，人民决不能藐视他，对他不忠诚。而在汉语里，虽然天也是神秘的，但人们可以诅咒它，老天爷有 时也不公正。例如“老天爷呀，你为什么不睁眼呀！”表示对上天的不满。 1. Definitions of foreignization and domestication Foreignization is a source language culture orientedtranslation（异化以原语文化为归宿）which strives to preserve the foreignflavor as much as possible in order to transfer [træns'fə:] the source language and culture into the target one. 异化,即在翻译中要保留原文语言和文化，让译文语言的读者感受到其他文化的存在与独特魅力。其表现方法在译语读者看来 不合常规的、新奇的，从而产生一种异国情调，即所谓的“洋味”。异化不仅能保留原文纯语言的形式特色，而且还能引进异域的文化因素。例如, “to kill two birds with one stone”(一石二鸟)是异化译法，（一箭双雕），（一举两得）是归化译法; “All roads leadto Rome”。（条条大路通罗马）是异化译法，（殊途同归）是归化 译法。异化提倡译文应当尽量去适应、照顾原语的文化及原作者的遣词用字习惯，从而丰富译入语语言及文化，较好地满足译入语读者对译文“异域性“的要求。 (1) Literaltranslation or transliteration(直译或音译) 气功   qigong； 功夫 gongfu;叩头koutou 有时汉语的成语翻译也采取直译的方法，使译文读者得到同原文一样生动、准确的形象意义。如： 画蛇添足   to draw a snake and add feet to it 打草惊蛇   to stirthe grass and alert the snake 井底之蛙   to be afrog at the bottom of a well 声东击西   to shoutin he east and strike in the west (2) Literal translation with notes(直译加注) 西施 Xi shi, a famousbeauty in ancient China of the Spring and Autumn Period(770~476B.C.) 苏轼 Su Shi, the other name of the famouseleventh century poet Su Tung-po.                       (Tr. by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang) Domestication refers to the targetlanguage culture oriented translation （归化是以目的语文化为归宿）in which unusualexpressions to the target culture are exploited（开发,利 用） and turned into some familiarones so as to make the translated text intelligible [in'telidʒəbl]（capable of being understood）and easy for the targetreaders. 归化是用带有某些译语文