① he associative meanings of"red" in English:(A)“Redr" isassociated with“ danger”and“ anger”. In every daylife,“ waving a red flag" means“ doing something that can cause quick anger inother people."(B)"Redr" is also associated with“ blood”and" violent”. Hencethe famous British scholar, Hawkes translated Chinese《红楼梦》as" the Story of the Stone”, not asA Dream of the red mansions" he latter is Chinese scholar, Yang xianyi'sversion怡红公子 as GreenBat”,怡红院as" "thehouse of green delights" because he avoided using the word"red 2 Thedifferent associative meanings of"T"in Chinese: Red arouses the feelings of enthusiasm, excitement andaffection among the Chinese, so the Chinese like red very much.(4)“红” is associated with thesvmbol of“ celebration, happy event, wedding, good luck and succes" For instance,“开门红” refers to“ begin well".“满堂红" means" success or having a good luck”.(B)“红” is associated with“ revolution”and" troops”. For example,“红旗” symbolizes" revolution andvictory”,“红军”, thered army refers to revolutionary 在汉语和英语两种语言中,一些表示颜色的词语所包含的特殊意义既有相同之处,也有不同之处,甚至引申意义完全相反。如节假日被称为“red- letter day”。在汉 语中红色还表示嫉妒或羡慕的意思,而英语中表示这种意思却用绿色 green来表示,因为gree就有嫉妒的含意。红色在中国还具有强烈的政治含意,象征着革命、无产阶级 政权等,而红色在英语国家中所包含的政治含意却不鲜明。他们多用黑色来指某一组织,如“黑手党B1 ack Hand”。汉语中的“黄色书”的含意与英语的黄色 书“ YellowPages”更是完全不 汉英语言中的颜色词的不同引申含意牵涉到的是汉英民族心理和文化的差异,在翻译中中要仔细斟酌。例如“红白喜事”不能简单按字面直译,因为在英语国家里婚礼 上新娘要穿象征纯洁的白色婚纱,而葬礼上人们则要穿上黑色的礼服表示哀悼,因此,译为“ weddings and funerals”这样才能使译文最大限度地忠实于原文 2)Comparative study of animal and plant termsbetween English and Chinese Take the animal term"dragon"for example Both“ dragon”and“龙”mean“ an imaginary fire- breathing animal in myth". But theirassociative meanings are opposite. @The associative meanings of"dragon"in English:(A)"Dragon"connotes"terrible monster"or"giant thateats men"( B)"Dragon"is also associated with"a fierce old woman, especially onewho allows too little freedom to a young girl in her charge. For example, Hermother is a real dragon. @2 The opposite associativemeanings of te"inChinese:(A)e"isthe symbol of the"Chinese people". The Chinese people call themselvesthe descendants of dragon proudly such as “龙的传人”and“龙子龙孙”.(B)“龙” is associated with“ emperor”and" mobility”. Emperors always namethemselves“真龙天子”(C)“龙" isassociated with“ good luck and success.por example,“龙凤呈样 "good lud Let us look at the plant term"Ros Denotative meanings are identical but associative meanings arepartly similar English and Chinese, there are quite a lot of words whoseassociative meanings are partly similar, though the denotative meanings ofthese words are the same. Here are so contrasts The denotative meanings of"Rose vs"FE"are identical. So let's justfocus our attention on the partly similar associative meaningsand the partly different associative meanings ofthem ① The partly similarassociative meanings of“rose”w“玫瑰"are“swer”“loe"“ romance”and“ affection" which are based on beauty and sweet- smelling of the nower Example 1, A Red, Red, Rose(Robert Burns)O my luve is like a red red rose."This is avery moving love poem n which the author compares his idol to"A Red, Red, Rose and ngs the praises of his ideal lover. Example2,“在我心中的深处,开着一朵玫瑰,我用生命的清泉,把它灌溉栽培。" It is a song in the chinese film" Trace of Tears3.Here“玫瑰's also compared to affection. The heroine wants to water the rose, her affection to her husband by using thespring of her life. Hence rose is also the symbol of love in Chinese ② The partly different associativemeanings of“rose”vs“玫瑰” (A)In English"rose is used to symbolizesomething"secret"or" silent". Therefore the idiom"under the rose "means"keepsecret and never betray (B)“ A thorny rose" is associated with" "imperfectness” in English, while“带刺的玫瑰” is associated with“ a girl who is difficult to please" in Chinese. For example,when English people say," There is no rose without a thorn”, thevmean," Nothing is perfect" In Chinese we often hear people say,“这个姑娘真漂亮,小心!这可是个带刺的玫 瑰”Hre“带刺的玫瑰” means thatbeautiful young woman is not accessible and it is difficult to get heraffection. 汉英两种语言中的动植物名词大体相似,但是有些动植物名词早特定的文化语境下,却有着其特殊的引申含意。例如,“狗”在汉语中的地位比较低下,因此也常用来 些生活贫困,地位卑贱的人。在英语中狗虽然有时也成为人们贬低的对象,但更多的时候是人类的朋友,家庭中的一员,因为它忠诚、可靠,在希腊神话中它是来世 ]#(a guardian at the portals of the afterlife) 汉语中“龙”是一种神通广大,主宰天地的吉样物。在英语中,虽然也有关于龙的神话,不过“龙”却是凶残的怪物。《圣经》中把与上帝作对的恶魔称作“ the great 随着中西文化的交流,中国的含意也逐渐为西方所接受,中国的“端午节”被译成“ the dragon’sday”,这样的译法并不会引起西方读者的反感,因为他们早已把中国看 成是东方的“巨龙” Chinese people have to"pine"," wInter sweet(腊梅),“sun"“moon"," rosy dawn”(朝霞),cte. Their metaphorical meaning will arouse more colorfulassociative images in the Chinese people than in the westerners. 此外,汉语中的松、竹、梅,是文人墨客常常吟诵的对象。松柏并称,象征刚直不阿和健康长寿。竹是一种高贵气节的象征,反映人们的“傲骨亮节”。梅花在严寒中 开放,傲然挺立,也成为高风亮节的象征。在英语中,松树作为一种常青树木,也象征着永生,被称做生命之树。在圣诞节,人们用松树做圣诞树来作为赎罪的象征。在英 唔中,plu指梅树或李树。梅在基督教中代表忠诚。在英语俚语中,plⅧm有奖品和奖赏的含义·随着文化的交流,英语中的植物寓意在汉语中也为人们使用。例如,“橄榄 枝”一—和平的象征,“红玫瑰”—爱情的象征等 汉语中的橄榄没寓意,而在英语中“橄榄枝”、“橄榄叶”却象征和平与富饶。英语中的“棕榈叶”象征胜利,某些军功勛章上也有棕榈叶的荣誉标志。而在汉语中 这种寓意不存在 (3) Comparativestudy in English and Chinese idioms 习语对比 词语中最具有引申意义的莫过于语言中的习语。习语包括成语、歇后语等。它们之间的转换可通过直译、意译、直译加意译等方式进行。汉英习语的差异主要体现在:喻体 的不同、风俗的不同和文化背景上的不同。①喻体不同,例如:健壮如牛 as strong as ahorse 害群之马 a blacksheep②风俗不同,例如:狗嘴里长不 出象牙。 A filthy mouth can’ t utterdecent language.③文化背景不同,例如:守口如瓶 as dumb as anoyster Assignment①The associative meanings of “red” in English: (A) “Red” isassociated with “danger” and “anger”. In every daylife, “waving a red flag” means “doing something that can cause quick anger inother people.” (B) “Red” is also associated with “blood” and “violent”. Hencethe famous British scholar, Hawkes translated Chinese 《红楼梦》as “the Story of the Stone”,not as“A Dream of the red Mansions” (the latter is Chinese scholar, Yang Xianyi’sversion); 怡红公子as“GreenBoy”; 怡红院as “thehouse of Green Delights” because he avoided using the word “red”. ② Thedifferent associative meanings of “红” in Chinese: Red arouses the feelings of enthusiasm, excitement andaffection among the Chinese, so the Chinese like red very much. (A) “红” is associated with thesymbol of “celebration, happy event, wedding, good luck and success.” For instance, “开门红” refers to “begin well”. “满堂红” means” success or having a good luck”. (B) “红” is associated with“revolution” and “troops”. For example, “红旗”symbolizes “revolution andvictory”; “红军”, thered army refers to revolutionary troops. 在汉语和英语两种语言中，一些表示颜色的词语所包含的特殊意义既有相同之处，也有不同之处，甚至引申意义完全相反。如节假日被称为“red-letter day”。在汉 语中红色还表示嫉妒或羡慕的意思，而英语中表示这种意思却用绿色green来表示，因为green就有嫉妒的含意。红色在中国还具有强烈的政治含意，象征着革命、无产阶级 政权等，而红色在英语国家中所包含的政治含意却不鲜明。他们多用黑色来指某一组织，如“黑手党-----Black Hand”。汉语中的“黄色书”的含意与英语的黄色 书“YellowPages”更是完全不同。 汉英语言中的颜色词的不同引申含意牵涉到的是汉英民族心理和文化的差异，在翻译中中要仔细斟酌。例如“红白喜事”不能简单按字面直译，因为在英语国家里婚礼 上新娘要穿象征纯洁的白色婚纱，而葬礼上人们则要穿上黑色的礼服表示哀悼，因此，译为“weddings and funerals”这样才能使译文最大限度地忠实于原文。 （2）Comparative study of animal and plant termsbetween English and Chinese Take the animal term“dragon” for example. Both “dragon” and “龙” mean “an imaginary fire-breathing animal in myth”. But theirassociative meanings are opposite. ①The associative meanings of“dragon” in English: (A) “Dragon” connotes “terrible monster” or “giant thateats men” (B) “Dragon” is also associated with “a fierce old woman, especially onewho allows too little freedom to a young girl in her charge”. For example, “Hermother is a real dragon.” ②The opposite associativemeanings of “龙” inChinese: (A) “龙” isthe symbol of the “Chinese people”. The Chinese people call themselvesthe descendants of dragon proudly such as “龙的传人”and “龙子龙孙”. (B) “龙” is associated with “emperor” and “nobility”. Emperors always namethemselves “真龙天子”.(C) “龙” isassociated with “good luck and success”. For example, “龙凤呈祥” means “good luck.” Let us look at the plant term “Rose”. Denotative meanings are identical but associative meanings arepartly similar. In English and Chinese, there are quite a lot of words whoseassociative meanings are partly similar, though the denotative meanings ofthese words are the same. Here are some contrasts. The denotative meanings of “Rose” vs “玫瑰”are identical. So let’s justfocus our attention on the partly similar associative meaningsand the partly different associative meanings ofthem. ① The partly similarassociative meanings of “rose” vs “ 玫 瑰 ”are “sweet” “love” “romance” and “affection” which are based onbeauty and sweet-smelling of the flower. Example 1,“A Red, Red, Rose (Robert Burns) O my luve is like a red red rose…” This is avery moving love poem in which the author compares his idol to “A Red, Red,Rose” and sings the praises of his ideal lover. Example 2, “在我心中的深处，开着一朵玫瑰，我用生命的清泉，把它灌溉栽培。”It is a song in the Chinese film “Trace of Tears”. Here “玫瑰”is also compared to affection.The heroine wants to water the rose, her affection to her husband by using thespring of her life. Hence rose is also the symbol of love in Chinese. ②The partly different associativemeanings of “rose” vs “玫瑰” (A)In English “rose is used to symbolizesomething “secret” or “silent”. Therefore the idiom “under the rose” means “keepsecret and never betray”. (B)“A thorny rose ” is associated with “imperfectness” in English, while “带刺的玫瑰” is associated with “a girl who is difficult to please” in Chinese.For example, when English people say, “There is no rose without a thorn”, theymean, “Nothing is perfect.” In Chinese we often hear people say, “这个姑娘真漂亮，小心!这可是个带刺的玫 瑰”. Here “带刺的玫瑰” means thatbeautiful young woman is not accessible and it is difficult to get heraffection. 汉英两种语言中的动植物名词大体相似，但是有些动植物名词早特定的文化语境下，却有着其特殊的引申含意。例如，“狗”在汉语中的地位比较低下，因此也常用来 形容一些生活贫困，地位卑贱的人。在英语中狗虽然有时也成为人们贬低的对象，但更多的时候是人类的朋友，家庭中的一员，因为它忠诚、可靠，在希腊神话中它是来世 的守门者（a guardian at the portals of the afterlife） 汉语中“龙”是一种神通广大，主宰天地的吉祥物。在英语中，虽然也有关于龙的神话，不过“龙”却是凶残的怪物。《圣经》中把与上帝作对的恶魔称作“the great dragon”。 随着中西文化的交流，中国的含意也逐渐为西方所接受，中国的“端午节”被译成“the dragon’s day”，这样的译法并不会引起西方读者的反感，因为他们早已把中国看 成是东方的“巨龙”。 Chinese people have given a new meaning to “pine”, “winter sweet”（腊梅）, “sun” “moon”, “rosy dawn”（朝霞）, etc.. Their metaphorical meaning will arouse more colorfulassociative images in the Chinese people than in the westerners. 此外，汉语中的松、竹、梅，是文人墨客常常吟诵的对象。松柏并称，象征刚直不阿和健康长寿。竹是一种高贵气节的象征，反映人们的“傲骨亮节”。梅花在严寒中 开放，傲然挺立，也成为高风亮节的象征。在英语中，松树作为一种常青树木，也象征着永生，被称做生命之树。在圣诞节，人们用松树做圣诞树来作为赎罪的象征。在英 语中，plum指梅树或李树。梅在基督教中代表忠诚。在英语俚语中，plum有奖品和奖赏的含义。随着文化的交流，英语中的植物寓意在汉语中也为人们使用。例如，“橄榄 枝”——和平的象征，“红玫瑰”——爱情的象征等。 汉语中的橄榄没寓意，而在英语中“橄榄枝”、“橄榄叶”却象征和平与富饶。英语中的“棕榈叶”象征胜利，某些军功勋章上也有棕榈叶的荣誉标志。而在汉语中， 这种寓意不存在。 （3）Comparativestudy in English and Chinese idioms 习语对比 词语中最具有引申意义的莫过于语言中的习语。习语包括成语、歇后语等。它们之间的转换可通过直译、意译、直译加意译等方式进行。汉英习语的差异主要体现在：喻体 的不同、风俗的不同和文化背景上的不同。①喻体不同，例如：健壮如牛 as strong as ahorse 害群之马a blacksheep ② 风俗不同，例如：狗嘴里长不 出象牙。A filthy mouth can’t utterdecent language. ③ 文化背景不同，例如：守口如瓶  as dumb as anoyster   Assignments: