Chapter 1 An introduction to Chinese -English Translation Translation in China 1. Three peaks of translation in history 1 1 The Translation of Buddhist" nudist]佛教的 Classics: The First Peak Buddhism bpc originated in India and began to penetrate to china toward the middle of the first century, leaving a permanent influence on Chinas religion, philosophy ocial life Several important figures are worth mentioning here 11.1 Zhi Qian(支谦)( Zhi Qian made great contribution to translation theory)(佛经翻译的 阶段、草创时期) It is generally acknowledged that Zhi Qian in the Three Kingdoms periods wrote the first essay on translation norms. In over thirty years(222-254)he translated about thirty volumes of Buddhist scriptures圣经 in a literal manner. In the essay" Preface to Fa uJing"(《法句经》序) he put forward his norms that the translator of Buddhist classics should"follow the original ntention of the author without any embroidery(粉飾)”(因循本旨,不加文饰). And it might be in his period of time that there appeared a discussion on literal translation and free translation, a core issue in the development of translation theory LL2D■oAn(道安)(佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期) In the fifth century(the Easter Jin Dynasty ) the earliest state translation school yichang(if th)was founded and the translation of Buddhist classics was carried out on a large scale. Dao An (314-385)was appointed its director =E L, who advocated strict literal translation and made egested that a translator should"tr without any addition and deduction?”(案本而传,不令有损言游字) Around374, Dao an compiled A Comprehensive Catalogue of the Sutras[su: tra]经典(《综理众经目录》),a bibliography of all translations done before, the first of its kind in the history of Chinese Buddhism 113 Kumarajiva(鸠摩罗什) India by birth, the famous monk Kumarajiva(350-409)was invited to Changan in 401,a center bustling(a fi*X TE ) with Buddhist activities. His task was to retranslate the most influential scriptures and produce definitive editions with authoritative interpretations. It is he who firstly suggested that translators should sign their names in translated works. Kumarajiva's translations generally speaking, were more faithful to the original due to his years of assiduous [a'sidjues]5 勉的刻苦的 effort and st 11.4 Xuan Zang(玄奘)(佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期) ( Journey to the West《西游记》; Dream ofthe Red Mansions《红楼梦》; Tree Kingdoms4 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 1 An Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction to Chinese-English Chinese-English Chinese-English Chinese-English Translation Translation Translation Translation Ⅰ. Translation Translation Translation Translation in China 1. Three peaks of translation translation translation translation in history history history history 1.1 The Translation Translation Translation Translation of Buddhist Buddhist Buddhist Buddhist [ 'budist 'budist 'budist 'budist ] 佛教的 Classics: Classics: Classics: Classics: The First Peak Buddhism 佛教 originated in India and began to penetrate to China toward the middle of the first century, leaving a permanent influence on China’s religion, philosophy and social life. Several important figures are worth mentioning here: 1.1.1 Zhi Qian (支谦) (Zhi Qian made great contribution to translation theory)（佛经翻译的 第一阶段、草创时期） It is generally acknowledged that Zhi Qian in the Three Kingdoms periods wrote the first essay on translation norms. In over thirty years (222-254) he translated about thirty volumes of Buddhist scriptures 圣经 in a literal manner. In the essay “Preface to Fa Ju Jing” 《( 法句经》序)， he put forward his norms that the translator of Buddhist classics should “follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery（粉飾）”（因循本旨，不加文饰）. And it might be in his period of time that there appeared a discussion on literal translation and free translation, a core issue in the development of translation theory. 1.1.2 Dao An (道安) （佛经翻译的第二阶段、发展时期） In the fifth century (the Easter Jin Dynasty), the earliest state translation school yichang (译 场) was founded and the translation of Buddhist classics was carried out on a large scale. Dao An (314-385) was appointed its director 主 管 , who advocated strict literal translation and made translation a profession. He suggested that a translator should “translate according to the original without any addition and deduction” (案本而传，不令有损言游字 ). Around 374, Dao An compiled A Comprehensive Catalogue of the Sutras ['su:trə] 经典(《综理众经目录》 )， a bibliography of all translations done before, the first of its kind in the history of Chinese Buddhism. 1.1.3 Kumarajiva Kumarajiva Kumarajiva Kumarajiva (鸠摩罗什) India by birth, the famous monk Kumarajiva (350-409) was invited to Chang’an in 401, a center bustling(热闹繁忙)with Buddhist activities. His task was to retranslate the most influential scriptures and produce definitive editions with authoritative interpretations. It is he who firstly suggested that translators should sign their names in translated works. Kumarajiva’s translations, generally speaking, were more faithful to the original due to his years of assiduous [ə'sidjuəs] 勤 勉的,刻苦的 effort and study. 1.1.4 Xuan Zang (玄奘) （佛经翻译的第三阶段、全盛时期） （Journey to the West《西游记》; A Dream of the Red Mansions 《红楼梦》;Three Kingdoms