第四节糖原的合成与分解 第五节糖异生 第六节磷酸戊糖途径 第七节血糖及其调节

一、自然界中的氮循环( The Nitrogen Cycle)

一、戊糖磷酸途径 In most animal tissues, the major catabolic fate of glucose 6-phosphate is glycolytic breakdown to pyruvate, much of which is then oxidized via the citric acid cycle, ultimately leading to the formation of ATP

大多数机体的能源物质,彻底氧化:G= 2840 KJ/mole 通过磷酸戊糖途径可产生 NADPH和 ribose--5-P 可以以多糖(glycogen or starch)或转化为脂肪 进行长期储存

1. Cells need energy to do all their work To generate and maintain its highly ordered structure (biosynthesis of macromolecules). To generate all kinds of movement. To generate concentration and electrical gradients

table 13-1 Some Signals to Which Cells Respond Antigens Cell surface glycoproteins/oligosaccharides Developmental signals Extracellular matrix components Growth factors Hormones Light Mechanical touch Neurotransmitters Odorants

It is beyond the scope of this class to understand the following. If only one equilibration is in effect, the pH of the solution is determined by one Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

1. Enzymes were among the first biological macromolecules to be studied chemically 1.1 Much of the early history of biochemistry is the history of enzyme research. 1.1.1 Biological catalysts were first recognized in studying animal food digestion and sugar fermentation with yeast (brewing and wine making)

Assay:化验,分析,测定。 Enzyme activity: unit() is defined as the amount of enzyme which convert 1 micromole (umol) of substrate to product(s) in 1 minute under specified conditions. Specific activity: enzyme activity expressed per unit mass of protein present. (units/mg)

1. Living matter is composed mostly of the lighter elements 1.1 The composition of living matter is strikingly different from that of its physical environment(1810s) 1.2 The elements found in living organisms also exist in nature(especially in seawater and atmosphere)