状态公理:简单可压缩系统,两个独立变量 未饱和水及过热蒸汽,一般已知p、T即可 饱和水和干饱和蒸汽,只需确定p或T 湿饱和蒸汽,p和T不独立,汽液两相 1875年,吉布斯提出了吉布斯相律

Some key facts 2. 8 billion people two in five--stil struggle to survive on less than $2 a dav In 2000, 1. 1 billion people did not have reasonable access to safe drinking water World population will increase from 6.4 billion today to 8.9 billion by 2050

Effect of environmental factors on growth Water availability, pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, pressure, radiation, and a number of other environmental factors influence microbial growth. Yet many microorganisms, and particularly bacteria, have managed to adapt and flourish under environmental extremes that would destroy most organisms

Bob, a student taking 7.012, looks at a long-standing puddle outside his dorm window Curious as to what was growing in the cloudy water, he takes a sample to his TA, Brad Student. He wanted to know whether the organisms in the sample were prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Contents Introduction Part One Mechanisms in marine pollution Part two Topics in marine pollution Part three Measurement of biological response toxicity and water quality assessments

This handout describes standard extraction and washing protocols that can be applied to virtually any crude reaction mixture. Aqueous washings are done to remove water soluble impurities from organic products since normally the compound that you desire will be dissolved in Reference

The packaging sector is an important global industry, representing about 2% of the Gross National Product (GNP) of the developed countries. The value of the packaging industry is about 345 million euros worldwide, of which Europe represents a third. Fifty per cent of this market is packaging for food. Forecasts suggest that the sector will continue to grow in size and importance Many cooking and preservation processes still largely depend on effective packaging, for example canning, aseptic, sous vide and baking processes. Processes such as drying and freezing would be lost without protective packaging after processing to control product exposure to the effects of oxygen light, water vapour, bacterial and other contaminants. However, modern food packaging no longer has just a passive role in protecting and marketing the product. It increasingly has an active role in processing, preservation

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 9.1 The reaction is an acid-base process; water is the proton donor. Two separate proton-transfer steps are involved

drogen peroxide is formed in the cells of plants and animals but is toxic to them. neemen Consequently, living systems hav developed mechanisms to rid themselves of hydrogen peroxide, usually by enzyme-catalyzed reduction to water. An under- standing of how reactions take place, be they reactions in living systems or reactions in

6.1 Introduction of Vitamins 6.2 The Water-solubke vitamin 6.3 The Fat Soluble Vitamins 6.4 Variation of Vit in food processing and storage 6.5 Anilysis of Vitamins 6.6 Introduction of minerals 6.7 Source and statement 6.8 Variation of Mineral in food processing and storage 6.9 Analysis of Mineral in food