Arthur Kornberg (1918- ) of the U.S. produced DNA in a test tube. F. Sanger (1918- ) of Britain developed sequencing procedure for proteins, and later for DNA

Functions of Nucleotides RNA and DNA components serving as energy stores for future use in phosphate transfer reactions. These reactions are predominantly carried out by ATP

The term carbohydrate derives from the fact that many of them have a formula that can be simplified to (CH2O)n. Some of these compounds are chemically modified, however, and do not fit the formula due to the modification

Introduction A diverse group of water-insoluble (hydrophobic) compounds three types of lipids—storage or structural lipids, “bioactive” lipids

Biological Membranes and Transportpart II Passive transport: with the gradient – Water transport—aquaporins – Glucose transporters – Co-transport of chloride and bicarbonate Active transport: against the gradient – Transport ATPases – Ion channels

General introduction Ion channels G-protein coupled receptors Second messengers Tyrosine kinase receptors From plasma membrane to the nucleus: Regulation of gene expression Cytokine signaling Cell cycle Apoptosis

In vitro maturation of Xenopus oocytes and assay of maturation-promoting factor(MPF) Progesterone Sperm

Much of the catalytic power of enzymes comes from their bringing sub- strates together in favorable orientations in enzyme-substrate (ES)com- plexes. The substrates are bound to a specific region of the enzyme called the active site. Most enzymes are highly selective in their binding

Lipids are a class of nonpolar molecules that include the fats, cholesterol, fatty acids, lipid-soluble vitamins, waxes, soaps, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and others. Lipids are found in the membranes of cells, the endoplasmic reticulum and in specialized fat storage cells called adipocytes. Example of lipids

第一节维生素在食品加工贮藏中的变化 第二节矿物质在食品加工贮藏中的变化 ✓ 是构成生物体的组成部分。 ✓ 维持生物体的渗透压。 ✓ 维持机体的酸碱平衡。 ✓ 酶的活化剂。 ✓ 对食品的感官质量有重要作用 重点和难点: 维生素变化的化学机制