There is a group of compounds in which carbon forms only two bonds. These neutral divalent carbon compounds are called carbenes. Most carbenes are highly unstable compounds that are capable of only fleeting existence. Soon after carbenes are formed they usually react with another molecule

17.1 The Acidity of the α Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions 17.2 Keto and Enol Tautomers 17.3 Reactions via Enols and Enolate Anions

In the addition of HX to an unsymmetrically substituted alkene, the hydrogen atom adds to the carbon atom of the double bond that already has the greater number of hydrogen atoms and that the X group adds to the carbon having more alkyl substituents. Markovnikov’s rule can be restated by saying that, in the addition of HX to an alkene, the more stable carbocation intermediate is formed

The reactivity of organometallic compounds increases with the percent ionic character of the carbon-metal bond. RLi and RMgX are of great importance in organic synthesis

1. The experimental conditions — temperature and acid concentration — that are required to being about dehydration are closely related to the structure of the individual alcohol. The relative ease with which alcohols undergo dehydration is in the following order:

第一节 裂解过程的化学反应 第二节 裂解原料及产品 第三节 烃类裂解技术 第四节 裂解过程的工艺参数 第五节 管式裂解炉工艺过程 第六节 生产乙烯和丙烯的其他方法 第七节 烃类裂解生产乙炔

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes and carboxylic acids

分离过程是将混合物分成组成互不相同的两种或几种产品的操作。 分离操作的作用：①为化学反应提供符合质量要求的原料，清除对反应或催化剂有害的 杂质，减少副反应和提高收率；②对反应产物起着分离提纯作用，以得到合格的产品，并使 未反应的反应物得以循环利用

SN2 reactions are highly useful in organic synthesis because they enable use to convert one functional group into another —— functional group transformation (functional group interconversion)

First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）