A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum of masses based on the structure of a molecule. It is a spectrum or plot of the distribution of ion masses corresponding to the formula weight of a molecule, fragments derived from the molecule, or both

How are molecular structures determined? One way is though the use of spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of energy with matter. When energy is applied to matter it can be absorbed, emitted, cause a chemical change, or be transmitted

1. The experimental conditions — temperature and acid concentration — that are required to being about dehydration are closely related to the structure of the individual alcohol. The relative ease with which alcohols undergo dehydration is in the following order:

First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）

Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in a different order. Stereoisomers differ only in arrangement of their atoms in space.Stereoisomers are not constitutional isomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomer are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other

Energy and the Relative Stability Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion. Potential energy is stored energy. It exists only when an attractive or repulsive force exists between objects

Carbon’s ability to form strong covalent bonds to other carbon atoms is the single property of the carbon atom that — more than any other—accounts for the existence of a field of study called organic chemistry. Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms, and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen atoms as well

Phenols are like alcohols in being able to form strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Phenols have higher boiling points than hydrocarbons of the same molecular weight. A modest solubility in water

6.1 炔烃的结构 命名 和物理性质 Structure, Nomenclature, and Physical Properties of Alkyne

10.3 The Reactions of Alkanes with Halogens 10.3 A Multiple Substitution Reactions Versus Selectivity 10.4 Chlorination of Methane:Mechanism of Reaction