Evidentialism(Clifford): \It is wrong abways, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence\ (p.113) Pragmatism(James): Faced with a genuine choice about what to believe, and where evidence does not decide the matter, we are free to decide it however we want. Oour passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds. (127) In the relevant cases, we are not

1. The\Wager\and the Practical Rationality Principle Practical Rationality Principle: The practically rational thing to do is the thing with the highest expected value(or utility \) Version A: Do the thing with higher expected value than all its competitors --In the case of a tie, neither action/belief is permitted Version B: Find the actions with highest expected value and perform whichever of them you like --In the case of a tie, Theism is practically rational. Just like choosing pie over cake 2. Evidentialism(Clifford)

24.00: Problems of Philosophy Prof. Sally Haslanger September 19, 2001 Evil and the Free Will Defense Review of the Problem 1)If God exists, she'd be OOG. [By hypothesis] )If an OOG being exists, there would be no evil. [from 1] 3)God exists. [Suppose]

September 12, 2001 The Problem of Evil Last time we considered the ontological argument for the existence of God. If the argument is cogent, then we have reason to be rational theists, i.e., to maintain that there are justifying reasons for belief in God's existence. Today we're going to consider an argument for atheism which purports to show that theism is incoherent, i.e., that theism entails a contradiction. If the argument works, then the only option available to the theist would be irrational theism: belief in God's existence in spite of justifying reasons supporting

第三节词法 一、词法中帝用的手段 (一)构形法 1.词表示语法意义的形式变化,称为构形形态 2.构成构形形态的方法叫做构形法,语法手段中的综合性手段都可用于构形,即包括附加、内部屈折重叠、异根、重音移位等

第三节文字的借用和改革 一、文字的借用二、文字的改革 文字的改革有两种: 一是在原有文字的基础上增减字或字母的数量,改变部分字或字母的写法,改变字母拼写方式以及改变文字书写的顺序方向等; 二是文字体系的更换,或者不改变原有的拼音性质,只把整套字母更换为另一套字母。前者可以称为改进,后者可以称为改革

第六节语音的发展变化 一、语流音变 语流中的一个音,由于受到前后音或者说话快慢、高低、强弱等因素的影响而在发音上产生某种变化,这种变化就叫语流音变。 (一)同化 语流中两个邻近的不同的音,其中一个受到另一个影响而变得跟它相同或相近,叫同化

◼ 认识语音的属性 ◼ 掌握人类发音的基本原理 ◼ 认识元音和辅音的区别及其特点 ◼ 掌握音位及音位组合的规则 ◼ 能划分音位 ◼ 能用国际音标标注普通话的语音 第一节 语音研究的诸方面 第二节 音响 第三节 发音

第一节 语音的性质与单位 第二节 音响及语音的物理属性 第三节 发音及语音的生理属性 第四节 音位及语音的社会属性 第五节 语音的发展

语用前提又叫预设，它是推导语用含义必有的一种已知信息。 这种已知信息可能是交际双方共知的，或至少是听到话语之后 可以根据语境推断出来的信息。因此，它往往是包含在语句的 意思之中，一般无须在语句的字面上表现