October 22, 2001 Personal IdentityⅢ . Review soul criterion and body criterion Soul criterion: x is the same person as y iff and y have the same soul. Problems: i)There is no way to establish body-soul correlations; and no way to establish personality correlations. So soul criterion doesn't make sense of our practices of recognizing and identifying people ii)We have no special access to souls, so even in our own case we can't be sure it's the same soul \inside\ us whenever we are conscious. ii) The problem of identity is \pushed back\: what is it for person-stage x to have the same soul as person-stage y? What makes for sameness of souls? Body criterion: x is the same person as y iff x and y have the same living human body

ral questions that might arise concerning personal identity. When we ask\Who am I? we might be being we are, what our possiblities are, under what conditions\I\would continue to exist. We'll begin our discussionon n wonder what\makes us tick\, what we ultimately value, what matters to us. We might also be asking what sort personal identity with the latter set of questions Consider a parallel set of questions (Id) Under what conditions are baseball-events events in the same game? E. g, under what conditions are a

al Identity ll Problem of synchronic identity for persons: under what conditions are two simultaneous person-events events in the life of the same person? Problem of diachronic identity for persons under what conditions are two person-stages stages in the life of a single person. In particular, what makes a particular person-stage a continuation of me as I am right now? Background desiderata: an account of personal identity should allow for the possibility of anticipation and memory, i.e., of individual psychological connections between different person stages. It should also allow us to justify our practices of

I. Racist Propositions Appiah distinguishes three importantly different ideas relevant to race and racism: Racialism: ...there are heritable characteristics, possessed by members of our species, that allow us to divide them into a small set of races, in such a way that all the members of these races share certain traits and tendencies with each other that they do not share with members of any other race. These traits and tendencies characteristic of a race constitute, on the racialist view, a sort of racial essence; and it is part of the content of racialism that the essential

The Problem of Induction Although James and Clifford disagree about the reasonableness of belief in a special class of propositions(when they constitute a genuine choice for us), they agree that in the majority of cases empirical investigation and the scientific pursuit of evidence is at least a, if not the proper way to proceed in forming beliefs. It

Evidentialism(Clifford): \It is wrong abways, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence\ (p.113) Pragmatism(James): Faced with a genuine choice about what to believe, and where evidence does not decide the matter, we are free to decide it however we want. Oour passional nature not only lawfully may, but must, decide an option between propositions, whenever it is a genuine option that cannot by its nature be decided on intellectual grounds. (127) In the relevant cases, we are not

第二节语音的分类 一、元音和辅 1.发音时气流振动声带,在口腔或咽腔不受阻碍而形成的音素叫元音; 2.发音时气流在口腔或咽腔受到阻碍而形成的音素叫辅音元音和辅音的区别:

◼ 认识语音的属性 ◼ 掌握人类发音的基本原理 ◼ 认识元音和辅音的区别及其特点 ◼ 掌握音位及音位组合的规则 ◼ 能划分音位 ◼ 能用国际音标标注普通话的语音 第一节 语音研究的诸方面 ◼ 【教学大纲】 ◼ 一、语音 ◼ 二、语音的单位 ◼ 三、音标 ◼ 四、应该从哪些方面去研究语音 第二节 音响 ◼ 【教学大纲】 ◼ 一、语音四要素 ◼ 二、音质的音响分析 ◼ 三、研究音响的仪器 第三节 发音 ◼ 【教学大纲】 ◼ 一、人类的发音器官◼ 通过认识发音器官的构造去认识人类发音的 基本原理。 ◼ 二、元音和辅音及区别 ◼ 三、元音 要重点掌握8个基本元音。 ◼ 四、辅音 辅音的发音特点可从发音部位和发音方法两个方面来认识。 ◼ 要求掌握常用的辅音的发音原理和发音特点

语言活动分两类:外部语言和内部语 言。外部语言又包括口头语言(对话和独自 语言)和书面语言

一、语言发展的原因 (一)语言发展的社会条件