Nobel lecture december 12, 1933 On passing through an optical instrument, such as a telescope or a camera lens, a ray of light is subjec reflecting surface. The path of the rays can be constructed if we know the two simple laws which govern the changes in direction: the law of refrac- tion which was discovered by Snellius a few hundred years ago, and the law of reflection with which Archimedes was familiar more than 2,000 years ago

《行政法与行政诉讼法》课程教学大纲（Administrative Law and Administrative Litigation Law）

利用光学显微镜(OM),扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)系统研究了碱土元素Sr和Ca加入Mg-4Al基合金后的显微组织,并测试了其抗蠕变性能.实验合金的铸态组织均由α-Mg和沿枝晶界分布的第二相组成.2%Sr加入基体合金中能观察到沿晶界的离异共晶和层片共晶Al4Sr相及块状三元τ相.2%Ca的加入则形成了晶界层片Mg2Ca共晶和晶内的Al2Ca颗粒.而在Mg-4Al-2Sr-1Ca中,晶界相为块状τ相和层片状Mg2Ca共晶,晶内也析出Al2Ca颗粒.在Mg-4Al-2Sr-1Ca基础上提高Al含量,粗大不规则共晶(Mg,Al)2Ca相在晶界处形成并不断增多,Mg2Ca及τ相逐渐减少,当Al含量到7%时,出现了新的细小层片状Al4Sr相.Sr、Ca元素加入Mg-Al合金,改善了合金的抗蠕变性能,其中Mg-5Al-2Sr-1Ca和Mg-6Al-2Sr-1Ca合金显示所有实验合金中最好的蠕变抗力.根据Power-law公式,在175℃/50~80MPa和70MPa/150~200℃蠕变下,Mg-4Al-2Sr合金在较低应力(<60MPa)下蠕变表现为扩散控制的位错攀移机制,而在高应力下出现Power-law公式的失效;Mg-4Al-2Sr-1Ca合金蠕变则受到了扩散控制的位错机制和晶界滑移机制的共同作用

Based on the measured activities, the phase diagrams and the annexation principle, the calculating models of mass action concentrations for Ag-Bi and Ag-Bi-In melts have been formulated. The calculated results agree with practice and obey the mass action law, showing that the models formulated can reflect the structural characteristics of both melts. Meanwhile, it confirms that annexation principle is applicable to the Ag-Bi-In metallic melts. The melts involving eutectic which give rise to phase separation, and in which activities exhibit positive deviation from Raoult's law is the basic cause of melts transforming from homogeneous to heterogeneous ones

复旦大学：《税法 Tax Law》课程教学论文_研讨型教学在本科税法课程中的应用 Application of discussion-based teaching in the undergraduate tax law course（徐晔、杨丽莉）

Sec. 5-1 Force Laws Sec. 5-2 Tension and normal forces Sec. 5-3 Friction forces Sec. 5-4 The dynamics of uniform circular motion Sec. 5-5 Time-dependent force Sec. 5-6 Noninertial frames and pseudoforces Sec. 5-7 Limitations of Newton’s law

5-1 Motion of Rigid body刚体的平动、转动和定轴转动 5-2 Torque The Law of Rotation rotational Inertia力矩刚体定轴转动定律转动惯量 5-3 Applying the Law of rotation转动定律的应用 5-4 Kinetic Energy and Work in Rotational Motion定轴转动的动能定理 5-5 Angular Momentum of a rigid Body Conservation of Angular Momentum定轴转动的刚体的角动量定理和角动量守恒定律

1. Origin of the Law of Gravitation 2. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 3. The Gravitational Constant G 4. Gravitation Near the Earth’s surface 5. The Two Shell Theorems 6. Gravitational Potential Energy

5.1自发过程的方向性 The Direction of Spontaneous Process 5.2热力学第二定律的表述 Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 5.3卡诺循环与卡诺定律 Carnot cycle and Carnot Theorem 5.4熵、熵增原理及熵方程 Entropy, The increase principle of Entropy and Entropy Equation 5.5熵的意义及应用 Significance of Entropy and its application

3.1系统的宏观和微观储存能 Macroscopic and microscopic energy of system 3.2热量、功量及质量引起的能量传递------传递中的能量 Energy transfer by Heat, Work and Mass 3.3热力学第一定律与闭口系统的能量平衡方程 The first law of thermodynamics and Energy balance equation of closed system 3.4开口系统的能量平衡方程 Energy balance equation of open system 3.5稳态稳定流动的能量平衡 Energy balance for steady-flow systems 3.6工程中的几种稳态稳定流动装置 Some steady-flow engineering devices