Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonopoler solvents. Lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them

Electrons surrounding atoms are concentrated into regions of space called atomic orbitals. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to know both the location and the momentum of an atomic particle

We shall study other examples of additions to the double bonds of alkenes. We begin with the additions of hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, water (in the presence of an acid catalyst), and halogens

8.1 Introduction Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Homolytic bond dissociation nergies 7.3 The reactions of alkanes with halogens

5.1 Isomerism: Constitutionalisomers and Stereoisomers 5.2 Enantiomers and chiral

cycloalkanes General formula CnH2n+2 for alkanes C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 Propane General formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes (环烷烃） CnH2n Cyclopropane

STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE OF PHENOLS Phenol: Compounds that have a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring For example:

（1) Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous. （2) Carbon can make the vast number of different molecules Required for complex living organisms

1 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (uv) 紫外光谱----测定有机物中是否存在共轭双键和芳香族化合物 2. Infrared spectroscopy (IR)红外光谱----测定有机物中官能团