he major classes of organic compounds common to living systems are lipids, pro- teins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are very familiar to us- we call many of them\sugars.\ They make up a substantial portion of the food we eat and provide most of the energy that keeps the human engine running. Carbohy- drates are structural components of the walls of plant cells and the wood of trees. Genetic

The nucleus is the biggest and most important organelle of the cell. The presence of the nucleus is the principal feature that distinguishes eukaryotic from prokaryotic cells Almost eukaryotic cells have the nucleus except mature red blood cells of mammals and sieve cells of high plants etc.. By housing the cell's genome, the nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the control

Monohybrid crosses: The principle of segregation Dihybrid crosses: The principle of independent assortment Extensions of Mendels' laws Formulating and testing genetic hypotheses Mendelian Principles in Animals

History of Agricultural Development Food Gathering Domestication of Crops Organic Farming Transgenic Farming since Green Revolution) High inputs of energy subsidies including fertilizers, pesticides, fossil fuels, mechanization, irrigation advanced technology High outputs at the expense of environmental integrity Contamination of ground water surface water by agrochemicals sediments Hazards to human and animal health(e.g. residual effect of methamidophos in vegetables, Agent orange in Vietnam, cross-Atlantic DDT contamination Loss of genetic diversity in plants and animals

Chapter 25 DNA Metabolism 1. How does a DNA molecule replicate with high fidelity? 2. How are DNA lesions (damages)repaired to maintain the integrity of genetic information? 3. How do DNA molecules recombine (rearrange)? High accuracy, multitude of participants

Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics Plasmids Circular genetic elements that reproduce autonomously and have an extra chromosomal existence 1-1000 KB in size Most are circular double stranded dna. some linear ds DNA

Single-Stranded Filamentous DNA Bacteriophages M13, fl and fd Distinct Properties of M13 -Infect Escherichia coli Infect only male cells through attachment to the male-specific pilus Have circular single-stranded DNA Can be used as a cloning vector and DNA sequencing vehicle in genetic engineering Infect but not kill the cells

How DNA as genetic materials was established (also summarized in er including structure and components Basic properties of DNA, i xt slide)

Medical Genetics Genetic diseases and congenital malformations occur in approximately 2 to 5 of all live births, account for up to 30% of paediatric admissions to hospital, and are an important cause of death under the age of 15 years

The scope of pediatrics Pediatrics is the study of growth and development of the child from the genetic background and moment of conception through adolescence. It is the science and art of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the diseases of children from birth through adolescence, whether these disturbances be physical, mental, or emotional