yielding metabolism in aerobic organisms. All oxidative steps in the degradation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids converge at this final stage of cellular respiration, in which the energy of oxidation drives the synthesis of ATP. Photophosphorylation is the means by which photosynthetic organisms capture the energy of sunlight—the ultimate source of energy in the biosphere—and harness it to make ATP. Together
solar energy as the driving force for this global process (Fig. 1). All living organisms also require a source of nitrogen, which is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other compounds. Plants can generally use either ammonia or nitrate as their sole source of nitrogen, but vertebrates must obtain nitrogen in the form
G1 RNA structure G2 Transcription in prikaryotes G3 The lac operon G4 The trp operon G5 Transcription in eukaryotes G6 Transcription of protein-coding genes G7 Regulation of transcription by RNA pol II G8 Processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA G9 Ribosomal RNA G10 Transfer RNA
Behavior Modeling Only the functionality of the circuit, no structure No specific hardware intent For the purpose of synthesis, as well as simulation IN1，…，INn IF in1 THEN OUT1，…，OUTn FOR j IN high DOWNTO low LOOP
Types of chemotaxins – C5a attracts neutrophils and monocytes – Made by bacteria Peptide clipped off N-terminus (beginning with Nformylmethionine) during peptide maturation after protein synthesis
