1. Grow crystals-structure determination by X-ray crystallography relies on the repeating structure of a crystalline lattice 2. Collect a diffraction pattern-periodically spaced atoms in the crystal give specific\spots\where x-rays interfere constructively

Review -Homology Modeling Identify a protein with similar sequence for which a structure has been solved (the template) Align the target sequence with the template Use the alignment to build an approximate structure for the target

Outline Brief review of protein structure chou -Fasman- predictions Garnier, Osguthorpe and Robson Helical wheels and hydrophobic moments Neural networks Nearest neighbor methods Consensus prediction approaches

Review of markov models DNA Evolution CpG Island HMM The viterbi algorithm Real World HMMs Markov models for dna evolution Ch. 4 of Mount

What is a genome? 123456789101112 13141516171819202122XY A genome is NoT a bag of proteins

Outline Distance Matrix Methods Neighbor-Joining Method and Related Neighbor Methods Maximum Likelihood Parsimony Branch and bound Heuristic Seaching Consensus Trees Software(PHYLIP, PAUP)

Recursion and dynamic programming Applied dynamic programming: global alignments: Needleman-Wunsch Applied dynamic programming: local alignments Smith -Waterman Substitution matrices PAM. blosUM, Gonnet Gaps- linear and affine Alignment statistics

This lecture: Mount pp 1-7, 29-35, 45-48, Next lecture: Mount pp 8-9, 65-89, 96-115, +more TheProteinDataBank(pdb-http.://ww.pdb.org/)isthesingle worldwide repository for the processing and distribution of 3-D biological macromolecular structure data Berman, H. M, J. Westbrook, Z Feng, G. Gilliland, T N. Bhat

NMR supplement The second decade into the third millenium Kurt Wuthrich NMR spectroscopy is one of the principal experimental techniques of structural biology, with abilities to determine atomic resolution structures as well as investigate dynamics and intermolecular interactions of

一、肢芽的形成 二、肢体近－远端轴线的生成 三、肢体A－P轴线的确定 四、肢体D－V轴线的确定 五、前肢和后肢发育机制有所不同 六、细胞凋亡与趾的形成 七、肢体的进化