Bond Characteristics reading the financial pages Bond Prices and Yields Bond prices and interest rates YTM vs. current yield Rate of Return Interest Rate Risk The Yield Curve Nominal and Real Rates of Interest Default Risk

§6.2 Valence Bond Theory §6.5 Bond Parameters §6.5 Molecular Orbital Theory §6.4 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory §6.1 Lewis structure Theory §6.3 Hybrid obits Theory

Chlorotoluene Benzyl chloride Of this group only benzyl chloride is not an aryl halide; its halogen is not attached to the aromatic ring but to an sp-hybridized carbon. Benzyl chloride has the weakest carbon-halogen bond, its measured carbon-chlorine bond dissociation energy being only 293 kJ/mol (70 kcal/mol). Homolytic cleavage of this bond produces a resonance-stabilized benzyl radical

实键(Solid Bond) 双键(Double Bond) 虚键(Dashed Bond)

Functional Group Pi bond is the functional group. · More reactive than sigma bond. · Bond dissociation energies:

Conjugated unsaturated systems have a p orbital on a carbon adjacent to a double bond The p orbital can come from another double or triple bond The p orbital may be the empty p orbital of a carbocation or a p orbital with a single electron in it (a radical)

Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond

The important of acid-base reaction: 1. is a simple, fundamental reaction. 2. enable you to see the mechanism of the reaction 3. illustrate the process of bond breaking and bond making 4. examine important ideas about the relationship between the structure of molecules and their reactivity

8.1 Introduction Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes

The different arrangements of atoms caused by rotation about a single bond are called conformations (构象)of the molecule, and a specific conformation is called a conformer (构象异构体, conformation isomer). An analysis of the energy changes that a molecule undergoes as groups rotate about single bonds is called a conformational analysis (构象分析)