泌尿系统 urinary system 泌尿系统包括肾脏( kidney) 输尿管( ureter)、膀胱( bladder) 及尿道( urethra)。肾脏不但是重 要的排泄器官,也是维持机体内环 科境稳定的重要调节器官和内分泌器

概述 (一)组成:肾、输尿管、膀胱、尿道等器官 (二)功能:泌尿、贮尿、排尿; 调节水、电解质和酸碱平衡;

Chapter 4 The General Description Difinition: means the study of viscera(alimentary system, respiratory system,urinary system and

一、肾脏的正常功能和结构 Nephron=glomerulus +proximal tubule +thin loop of Henle +distal tubule

How to Teach Internal Medicine 2005.2-7: Lecture (Bilingual teaching) 2005.9-2006.1 Bedside teaching: rotation for 6 weeks, including Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, Gastrointestinal system, Kidney and urinary system, Endocrinology, Hematology, etc

一、特异性感染(Specific) 二、非特异性(Nonspecific)感染:通常就是所谓性传播疾病（STD）

How to Teach Internal Medicine 2005.2-7: Lecture (Bilingual teaching) 2005.9-2006.1 Bedside teaching: rotation for 6 weeks, including Respiratory system, Cardiovascular system, Gastrointestinal system, Kidney and urinary system, Endocrinology, Hematology, etc

• Inflammation --- glomerulonephritis , pyelonephritis • Stone --- nephrolithiasis , hydronephrosis • Tumor --- renal cell carcinoma, Wilms’ tumor , transitional cell carcinoma

本章重点： 1. 掌握肾单位的光、电镜结构和功能 2. 掌握球旁复合体的组成、结构和功能 3. 熟悉肾血循环的特点 4. 了解集合管的分布及结构特点 5. 了解膀胱的一般结构

正常肾脏解剖和组织结构： 皮质：髓放线 皮质迷路 髓质：肾锥体 肾柱 组织结构 histological structure： 肾小球glomerulus ： capillary tuft renal capsule Bowman‘s capsule endothelial cells glomerular basement membrane, GBM epithelial cells 滤过膜 电荷屏障 系 膜 肾小管 renal tubule