1.1 System Fundamentals Definitions System: Definitions System- integrity of elements that form a certain structure internally and perform certain functions externally. L von Bertalanffy: System --set of interrelated elements

Nobel Lecture december 13. 1946 The history of the discovery of the exclusion principle m, for which I have received the honor of the Nobel Prize award in the year 1945, goes back to my students days in Munich. While, in school in Vienna, I had already ob- tained some knowledge of classical physics and the then new Einstein rel- ativity theory, it was at the University of Munich that I was introduced by Sommerfeld to the structure of the atom- somewhat strange from the point of view of classical physics. I was not spared the which every

1. Differences between prokaryotes/eukaryotes 2. Shape and arrangement 3. Procaryoic cell organization

1. Our company decided to the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been B) refuse C)assume 2. She is a musician than her brother A)much of B)much as C) more of

Unit Two Smart Cars Texta Smart cars Reference Book: (New)Integrated Course 4 Students and Teachings Book Teaching Method: Interchange English Objective 1 understand the main idea and structure of the text

Section 1 Soil three phases Constitution Soil density and bulk density (- Soil density (or Particle density Soil density is the density of the solid soil particles only; the measurement does not include water weight or pore(air)space. The dominant soil minerals- quartz, feldspars, micas, and clay minerals

Introduction: What Is Mineral? Mineral Naturally formed, inorganic, solid material with a specific chemical composition and a characteristic crystalline structure. Rock Naturally formed, coherent mass of one or more minerals, sometimes including organic debris

第1相生物转化是官能团化反应,是在体内多种酶系 的催化下,对药物分子引入新的官能团或改变原有的官能团 的过程。参与药物体内生物转化的酶类主要是氧化—还原酶和 水解酶。本节主要介绍细胞色素P—450酶系、还原酶系、过氧 化物酶和其它单加氧酶、水解酶

第Ⅱ相生物转化又称轭合反应(Conjugation),是在酶的催化下将内源性的极性 小分子如葡萄糖醛酸、硫酸、氨基酸、谷胱甘肽等结合到药物分子中或第Ⅰ相的药 物代谢产物中。通过结合使药物去活化以及产生水溶性的代谢物,有利于从尿和胆 汁中排泄。 轭合反应一般分两步进行:首先是内源性的小分子物质被活化成活性形式,然 后经转移酶的催化与药物或药物在第相的代谢产物结合形成代谢结合物

药物的化学结构与药理活性存在什么样的关系,是人们一 直在探索的重要问题。药物从给药到产生药效是一个非常复杂 的过程,随着作用机理的深入研究和阐明,人们逐步认识到, 试图跨越复杂的过程,建立药物化学结构与活性之间的直接联 系是十分困难的。如果把这个复杂的过程分成三个阶段,探索 在各个阶段中的构效关系,那么这种关系就较易建立,也更为 有效