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（ 1） 都是非数值型的非线性函数的逼近器、估计器、和动态系统； （2） 不需要数学模型进行描述，但都可用数学工具进行处理； （3）都适合于VLSI、光电器件等硬件实现

（1）精确逻辑（传统逻辑）的一些概念 命题逻辑、布尔代数、和集合论是同构的。 隐含是重要的概念。 传统的命题逻辑中，命题的“真”和“假”必须具有 意义。逻辑推理是给定一个命题，组合成另一个命题的过 程

4.1 根轨迹的基本概念 4.2 绘制根轨迹图的基本法则 4.3 利用根轨迹分析系统的动态性能 4.4 广义根轨迹

模糊系统辨识的问题分类 1、静态系统的辨识，它包括： （1）参数辨识 （2）结构辨识 2、动态系统的辨识 （1）结构辨识 （2）系统行为的辨识

竞争学习和Kohonen自组织网络 竞争学习根据输入模式来更新权值，输入单元i与所有输 出单元j 用wij 连接。输入的数目即为输入的维数，输出的 数目即为输入数据要聚类的数目