湖北省教育考试院：全国大学英语四六级考试笔试监考员培训

扬州大学：第四次教育革命来临前的思考（吴星）

第一节 群体对个体的意义 第二节 合作的根源 合作与竞争人格倾向的测量

Learning is usually defined as a change in an individual caused by experience. Changes caused by development are not instances of learning. Neither are characteristics of individuals that are present at birth. However, human beings do so much learning from the day of their birth that learning and development are inseparably linked

Thorndike called the association between sense impressions and impulses to action a bond or a connection. This marked the first formal attempt to link sensory events to behavior. Earlier brands of associationism attempted to show how ideas became linked together; thus Thorndike's

Received bachelor’s degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by Robert Frost)

Received bachelor’s degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by Robert Frost)

Affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902); Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion In 1904,he won Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

Development refers to the ways people grow, adapt, and change during their lifetimes. physical development, personality development, socioemotional development, cognitive development(thinking), and language development