近代化学的发展趋势和特点 (1)从宏观到微观 (2)从体相到表相 (3)从定性到定量 (4)从单一学科到交叉学科 (5)从研究平衡态到研究非平衡态

§2.1 热力学基本概念 §2.2 热力学第一定律 §2.9 化学计量数、反应进度和标准摩尔反应焓 §2.3 恒容热、恒压热、焓 §2.4 热容，恒容变温过程、恒压变温过程 §2.5 焦尔实验，理想气体的热力学能、焓 §2.6 气体可逆膨胀压缩过程，理气绝热可逆过程 §2.7 相变化过程 §2.10 标准摩尔反应焓的计算 §2.11 节流膨胀与焦尔-汤姆逊效应

了解硝基化合物的分类，命名。了解胺的分类，命名，重氮和偶尔氮化合物及分子重排。重点掌握胺的化学性质及重氮和偶氮化合物

了解杂环化合物的分类和命名及其有关化学性质。重点掌握五员杂 环和六员杂环的亲电取代反应历程和亲核取代反应历程

Atomic Structure All natural and most synthetic substances on earth are made from the ninety naturally occurring chemical elements. An atom is the smallest particle into which an element can be divided while still retaining the chemical characteristics of that element (fig 3. 1). The nucleus, at the center of the atom contains one or more particles with a positive electrical charge(protons fif and usually some particles of similar mass that have no charge(neutrons

Functional groups The structural features that make it possible to classify compounds by reactivity are called functional groups. A functional group is a part of a larger molecule and is composed of an atom or a group of atoms that have a characteristic chemical behavior. The Chemistry of every organic molecules

Energy and the Relative Stability Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because of its motion. Potential energy is stored energy. It exists only when an attractive or repulsive force exists between objects

The primary source of alkanes is petroleum Natural gas consists chiefly of methane, but ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane are also present. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that must be refined into different fraction before it can be used

Cycloalkanes with only one ring are named by attaching the prefix cyclo- to the names of the alkanes possessing the same number of carbon atoms

First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）