1．了解化学变化过程中的热效应、恒容反应热和恒压反应热的概念与测定；会写热化学方程式； 2．初步了解焓的概念，知道焓变是化学反应自发过程的一种驱动力； 3．会进行有关热化学的一般计算； 4．初步了解熵、熵变和绝对熵的概念，知道熵变是化学反应的自发过程的另一种驱动力； 5．初步了解热力学第一、第二、第三定律的概念； 6．初步了解吉布斯自由能及吉布斯-亥姆霍兹方程，初步学会用其判据化学反应的自发性； 7．掌握化学平衡状态及标准平衡常数概念，会进行简单的化学平衡移动判断及有关计算。 3.1 热化学和焓 Thermochemistry and enthalpy 3.2 熵和熵变—反应自发性的另一种判据 Entropy and entropy change — judgment for spontaneous reaction 3.3 自由能——反应自发性的最终判据 Free energy－the determined criterion for the spontaneous process 3.4 平衡状态和标准平衡常数Equilibrium and standard equilibrium constant

6 The noe effect c Gerd Gemmecker, 1999 Nuclear OVERHAUSER Effect(NOE): resonance line intensity changes caused by dipolare cross- relaxation from neighbouring spins with perturbed energy level populations To understand the nature of the NOE, we have to look at a two-spin system I' and

INTRODUCTION Objectives Brightness CLeanliness OPurification-dissolving grade Historical background a Major concerns ◇ Costs◇ Environmental◇ Energy South China University of Technology

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Daniel E Prober is in the Departments of Applied Physics and Physics, Yale University, NewHaven, Connecticut 06520-8284 USA. e-mail: daniel.prober@yale.edu Astronomers crave a detector sensitive enough to detect a single photon and determine its energy. new single-pixel

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