Esters, like aldehydes and ketones, are weakly acidic. When an ester with an alpha hydrogen is treated with one equivalent of a base such as sodium ethoxide, a reversible condensation reaction occurs to yield a β−keto ester product. This reaction between two ester components is known as the Claisen condensation reaction

Carboxylic acids are just one member of a class of acyl derivatives, RCOY, where the acyl group is bonded to an electronegatives substituent -Y that can act as a leaving group in substitution reactions. Numerous acyl derivatives are possible, but we’ll be concerned only with four of the more common ones, in addition to carboxylic acids themselves: acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides

7.1 芳香烃的分类 结构及命名 Classification, Structures and Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds 7.2 芳香烃的来源及物理性质 Sources and Physical Properties of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

6.1 炔烃的结构 命名 和物理性质 Structure, Nomenclature, and Physical Properties of Alkyne

A hydrocarbon whose molecules contain two double bonds is called an alkadiene(alkatriene for three double bonds); A hydrocarbon with two triple bonds is called an alkadiyne; A hydrocarbon with a double and triple bond is called an alkenyne

A UV-Vis spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed at each wavelength of the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. λmax— the wavelength of maximum absorption

A ring that contains at least one heteroatom (an atom other than carbon) is called a heterocycle, and a substance based on a heterocyclic ring is a heterocyclic compound. Heterocyclic compounds containing N, O or S are by far the most common

第一节 碳环烃的分类 第二节 环烷烃结构、构象分析与化学性质 第三节 芳香烃结构特征与化学性质 第四节 亲电取代反应机理

§8-1 分类和命名 一、分类 二、命名 §8-2 醛酮的理化性质 一、结构与性质 二、物理性质 三、化学性质 1.羰基的亲核加成反应 2.α-H的反应 3. 还原反应 4.氧化反应 5.品红试验 §8-3 醌的化学性质 §8-4 波谱分析 一、IR 二、1HNMR

第一节 分子手性与旋光性 Molecular Chirality: Enantiomers 第二节 对称性、手性、手性碳与构型标记 ❖对称性与手性 ❖手性碳与分子手性 ❖手性、对称性与旋光性 ❖构型标记 ◼ 绝对构型 ◼ 相对构型 第三节 不含手性碳原子化合物的对映异构体 第四节 光活性物质的性质与旋光性的测定 1. 旋光异构体的物性比较 2. 旋光性的测定 第五节 反应中的立体化学与手性化合物制备 ❖反应中的立体化学 ◼加成反应 ◼亲核取代 ◼消除反应 ❖手性化合物制备 第六节 外消旋体的拆分