1.重组质粒的鉴定。当质粒的重组或其它载体重组后,通常会发生质粒的重组失 败,包括质粒的自身环化。因而要求进行筛选,把重组成功的质粒找出来。在目前常用的 质粒和其它载体中含有相应的抗生素抗性基因,一旦重组成功,质粒环化(包括自身环 化),抗生素抗性基因表达,被转化的大肠杆菌便具备抗相应抗生素的能力,可以含该抗生 素的培养基中生长传代,不然,重组失败,大肠杆菌便不能抵抗该抗生素而死亡

动物检验检疫学内容及涉及领域 主要内容:检验检疫基本知识、相关法 律法规、检疫技术与方法(常规检疫和 实验室检验)、动物性产品及检验、消 毒及处理、几种主要流行病检疫 涉及领域:法律、分子生物学、化学 兽医学(微生物学、寄生虫、流行病学 免疫学、诊断学、解剖学)、生物化 学、食品卫生学等多个领域和涉及多学 科的综合性课程

1.组织学的主要研究方法。 2.组织学方法研究中医的现状

（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教。 如果主讲老师或助教发现任何学生违反以上任何 一条规则，第一次违规者，扣除总考试成绩的15%， 第二次违规者必须重修这们课

（1）桌上只许有笔，答题纸和英文课本。（2）不许 离开自己的座位。（3）不许偷看，不许讲话 (有问题 举手）（4）老师宣布停的时候，必须放下自己的笔。 （5）老师宣布收试卷时，试卷必须快速由每排的最左 边传向右边，每排最右边的同学负责把试卷交给当堂 助教

◼ All DNA is recombinant DNA. ◼ Genetic exchange works constantly to blend and rearrange chromosomes, most obviously during meiosis, when homologous chromosomes pair prior to the first nuclear division. ◼ During this pairing, genetic exchange between the chromosomes occurs. This exchange, classically termed crossing over, is one of the results of homologous recombination

TOPIC 1 Principles of Transcriptional Regulation [watch the animation] TOPIC 2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation: Examples from Bacteria (Lac operon, alternative s factors, NtrC,MerR, Gal rep, araBAD operon) TOPIC 3 Examples of Gene Regulation after Transcription Initiation (Trp operon) TOPIC 4 The Case of Phage λ: Layers of Regulation

Similarity of regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote 1.Principles are the same: • signals (信号), • activators and repressors (激活蛋白和阻 遏蛋白) • recruitment and allostery, cooperative binding (招募，异构和协同结合) 2. The gene expression steps subjected to regulation are similar, and the initiation of transcription is the most pervasively regulated step

◼ What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? ◼ What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? ◼ What is the structure of tRNAs, and how do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? ◼ How does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

Most of the eukaryotic genes are mosaic (嵌合体), consisting of intervening sequences separating the coding sequence ◼ Exons (外显子): the coding sequences ◼ Introns (内含子) : the intervening sequences ◼ RNA splicing: the process by which introns are removed from the pre￾mRNA. ◼ Alternative splicing (可变剪接): some pre-mRNAs can be spliced in more than one way , generating alternative mRNAs. 60% of the human genes are spliced in this manner