the preceding chapter the special stability of benzene was described, along with reac- tions in which an aromatic ring was present as a substituent. In the present chapter we move from considering the aromatic ring as a substituent to studying it as a functional

ot all the properties of alkenes are revealed by focusing exclusively on the func- tional group behavior of the double bond. A double bond can affect the proper- ties of a second functional unit to which it is directly attached. It can be a sub- stituent, for example, on a positively charged carbon in an allylic carbocation, or on a carbon that bears an unpaired electron in an allylic free radical, or it can

W hen we discussed elimination reactions in Chapter 5, we learned that Lewis base can react with an alkyl halide to form an alkene. In the present chapter, you will find that the same kinds of reactants can also undergo a different reaction, one in which the Lewis base acts as a nucleophile to substitute for the halide substituent on carbon

N ow that we're familiar with the structure and preparation of alkenes, let's look at their chemical reactions. The characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the double bond according to the general equation:

tructure* is the key to everything in chemistry. The properties of a substance depend on the atoms it contains and the way the atoms are connected. What is less 0 obvious, but very powerful, is the idea that someone who is trained in chemistry can look at a structural formula of a substance and tell you a lot about its properties

ow that we've reviewed the various bonding models, we are ready to examine organic compounds in respect to their structure, reactions, properties, and appli cations. Were we to list the physical and chemical properties of each of the more than million organic compounds separately, it would tax the capacity of even a pow- erful computer. Yet someone who is trained in organic chemistry can simply look at the structure

改革开放25年来,中国经济一直保持着高于世界平均水平的“超高速度”,特别是从1989年到2003年的15年间,在受到亚洲金融危机、世 界 经济不景气、以及“非典”的影响下,我国的经济增长率仍平均达到8.8%,这不能不说是一个“经济奇迹”。由于中国经济的持续增长,2003年中国 的GDP总最超过11是面,A均GDP超过10元这个有里程碑的“经济成长”,从而入了一个均高速发时 然而,科学看待中国经济的快速发展,理性分析中国经济持续发展面临的困难,保持一个平静的心态,对于一个大国经济走向成熟具有十分重要的现实意义

一、社会认知的定义 社会认知是个体在与他人的交往过程中;观察了解他人并形成判断的 一种心理活动。由于社会心理学对于社会认知的研究着眼于对人及人与人关 系的知觉感受,、因而不少社会心理学文献称之为社会知觉或人际知觉、社 会知觉的刺激来源于社会客体。社会客体的涵义十分广泛,既包括他人、群 体、人际关系,也包括认知主体自身

选题的理由多半来自阅读:阅读现实和阅读文献。阅读现实时,我们看到今 天的中国,社会转型已经掀起了一轮新阶级的涌动:人们热衷讨论的“新中产阶 级”、“新管理精英”诞生了;人们始料未及的城乡新贫困群体一一城市农民工、 下岗工人和那些因制度变迁而越发贫困的乡村贫穷人口一一也作为新阶级相继出 现。然而目前有关贫困的社会学解释相当乏力,多是围绕贫困线的讨论,或是一 些经验层次上的描述与对策的实际操作性文章

Eugene F Fama. James D. Mac Beth The Journal of political Economy, Volume 81, Issue 3(May -Jun, 1973),607-636 Stable url: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28197305%2f197306%2981%03a3%03c607%3arraeett3e2.0.c0%03b2-c Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of jSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/about/terms.htmlJstOr'sTermsandConditionsofUseprovidesinpartthatunlessyou