They are solid, thinner filament structures (6-8 nm, in diameter) composed of a double-helical polymer of the protein actin. And microfilaments play a key role of in virtually all types of contractility and location of cells as well as motility within cells

殊性原生质体融合技术起源于 20 世纪 60 年代, 是基因重 组技术的一部分。它通过一定的理化条件处理, 使外源目的 基因进入受体细胞, 并得以表达, 以期使得受体细胞在原有 性状的基础上, 获得所需的新的特状

一、细胞生物学是现代生命科学的重要基础学科 二、细胞生物学的主要研究内容 三、当前细胞生物学研究的总趋势与重点领域

1. A brief history of studies on the structrure of the plasma membrane 2. Model of membrane structure: an experimental perspective 3. The chemical composition of membranes 4. Characteristics of biomembrane 5. An overview of the functions of biomembranes

1. Compartmentalization in Eukaryotic Cells; 2. The structural and functional relationship between the ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes and plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells; 3. The pathways of proteins targeting and sorting, and its mechanisms; 4. The ways of protein modifications and intracellular sites after they are synthesized; 5. Types of vesicle transport and their functions

Cell signaling can affect virtually every aspect of cell structure and function: Activation of enzyme activity;  Change in cytoskeletal organization;  Change in ion permeability;  Initiation of DNA synthesis;  Activation or repression of gene expression

(1) Mitochondria: in all eukaryotic cells The relationship between the structure and function of mit. (2) Chloroplasts: in plant cells The relationship between the structure and function of chl. Mit: Oxidative phosphorylation→ ATP Chl: Photosynthesis→ ATP+NADPH→ Sugar

1. Principles of membrane transport; 2. Passive transport and active transport; 3. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins: Carriers and Channels; 4. The ion transport systems; 5. Endocytosis and Phagocytosis: cellular uptake of macromolecules and particles

13.1 癌细胞的基本知识 13.2 肿瘤发展的阶段 13.3 肿瘤发生遗传学 13.4 肿瘤的表观遗传学改变 13.5 癌细胞中基因表达谱的异常改变 13.6 肿瘤诊断与检测 13.7 肿瘤治疗

番茄与马铃薯同属茄科植物，但不是同属的 植物。番茄的果实和马铃薯的块茎是我们经 常食用的蔬菜。马铃薯的块茎生长在土壤中。 人们曾经有这样一个幻想：让一株植株地 上部分结番茄，地下部分长土豆。这个幻想 可能实现吗？