市场不是万能的,价格机制配置资源失效的情况称 之为市场失灵( market gailure)。失灵的原因及 其表现有多种多样,如垄断,外部性,公共物品, 信息不完全等等,因此,政府必须要作为 政府针对经济个量所采取的政策行为,称为政府微 观经济政策

Where are We in the Course? We are working on the 1st of the 3 components of microeconomics: Consumer behavior, production theory, and market. There are three elements of consumer behavior: budget constraint, preference, and choices

Ten Principles of Economics Thinking Like an Economist Interdependence and the Gains from Trade The Market Forces of Supply and Demand Elasticity and Its Application Supply, Demand and Government Policies Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets Application: The Costs of Taxation Application: International Trade Externalities Public Goods and Common Resources The Costs of Production Firms in Competitive Markets Monopoly Oligopoly Monopolistic Competition The Economics of Labor Markets

The Purpose of this Chapter To begin to understand the art of building an economic model To begin to understand three basic elements of modeling in economics: Purpose Simplification through assumptions -Value judgment

1.引言(Introduction) 1.1局部均衡( Partial Equilibrium)与一般均衡(General Equilibrium) 一、局部均衡(Partial Equilibrium) 只考虑一个市场(single market)的情况(假设其他市场不变),对部门j 而言,当对该部们的产品x,的需求x(p)与该产品的供给x(p)相等时,即 x(p,)=x(p)时,这个市场就达到了均衡; 这种单个市场达到的均衡状态称为“局部均衡”(Partial Equi librium 那么是不是所有的市场能同时达到均衡呢?这就涉及到“一般均衡”(General Equilibrium)的概念了

5. 1 The Government Bond Market 5.1.1 when the government runs a deficit, it has to get the funds. There are three ways for the government to get funds

Standard approach to Estimating Volatility Define on as the volatility per day between day n-1 and day n, as estimated at end of day Define S: as the value of market variable at end of day i

Content The“core” Uniqueness of equilibrium Stability of equilibrium Welfare

Topics to be Discussed Externalities Ways of Correcting Market Failure Externalities and Property Rights Common Property Resources

Chapter one Introduction: 1.1 Defining Microeconomics 1.2 Economic Theories and Models（经济理论与模型） 1.3 The Mathematics of Optimization（数学最优化） 1.4 Demand-Supply Model Chapter 2 Consumer Behavior and Demand Theory 2.1 Preference and Utility 2.2 Utility Maximization and Choice 2.3 Income and Substitution Effects 2.4 Market Demand and Elasticity