21.11 Aryl Halide and Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution 21.12 Spectroscopic Analysis of Phenols and Aryl Halides

The aldols formed in aldol additions can be easily dehydrated to yield conjugated enals (enones)

Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond

One complication associated with alkene hydration is the occurrence of arrangements

Acetylenic hydrogens can be deprotonated with relatively strong bases (sodium amide is typical)

If a chiral atom attached to the carbonyl group, the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition follows the Cram’s rule

Many other pairs of reagents that form cabocations (orcarbocationlike species) may be used as well

10.1A Production of Radicals 10.2A Homolytic Bond Dissociation Energies and Heats of Reaction

9.3 醛酮的反应 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

9.1 醛 酮的结构 命名和物理性质 Structure, Nomenclature and Physical Properties 9.2 醛酮的制备 Preparations