笔者根据 Lakoff 和 Johnson 倡导的体验哲学和认知语言学的基本原则 ,提出了语言的体验观 ,这是对语言众多性质的一个补充。语言体验观与国外很多学者的基本观点相符 ,为解释语言来源于实践进一步提供了证据 ,是对语言天赋说、自治观的一个反驳。本文主要讨论国外知名学者有关语言体验性的观点 ,以及概念化和词汇化的体验性

2.1 认知语言学的哲学基础 2.2 认知语言学的心理学基础

本章概述 产生于20世纪初的分析哲学,继承实证主义传统,运用现代 数理逻辑和语言分析,拒斥形而上学,认为哲学的主要任务是对 语言表达式的描述和解释,或把复杂的概念分析为简单的概念, 阐明后者之间的关系;或通过对语言的逻辑分析而解决哲学问题 。它注重分析的方法,强调语言分析的重要性,反心理主义,否 认纯理智能获得关于实在的知识。它是20世纪西方哲学中的主要 思潮之一,在英语国家长期居于主导地位,除了在哲学领域的巨 大影响之外,还对文学、社会学、政治学等学科都产生了深刻的 影响

第一节中国文化的伦理 第二节中国文化的宗教 第三节中国文化的哲学 第四节中国文化的价值取向

一、鲁迅简介 二、历史和现实中的鲁迅 1，生前鲁迅 2、偶像鲁迅：文学家、思想家、革命家 3、人间鲁迅：多种鲁迅形象的出现 三、鲁迅的文学地位和思想个性 1、中国20世纪文学巨人 2、鲁迅思想巨人 3、鲁迅思想 4、鲁迅的人生哲学 四、鲁迅人生哲学的当代意义

本章概述 源于语言学研究的结构主义(包括后结构主义)哲学思潮把 语言学中的结构主义方法当做学术研究的普遍方法,以具有客观 结构的语言取代个体主体存在的人来作为哲学的出发点,力图超 越传统的主体性形而上学和心理主义的的理论框架,它们或致力 于寻求固定的结构,或强调结构的流动变化,或把结构主义理论 用于社会、历史、文化的研究,在思想界形成了巨大影响并取得 了许多令人瞩目的成果。作为一种非常流行的国际性思潮,结构 主义还对后现代主义的形成和发展起了重大的推动和促进作用, 并成为其中的主要力量之一。本章主要介绍结构主义的概况及其 主要代表人物的的哲学思想

The Problem of Induction Although James and Clifford disagree about the reasonableness of belief in a special class of propositions(when they constitute a genuine choice for us), they agree that in the majority of cases empirical investigation and the scientific pursuit of evidence is at least a, if not the proper way to proceed in forming beliefs. It

al Identity ll Problem of synchronic identity for persons: under what conditions are two simultaneous person-events events in the life of the same person? Problem of diachronic identity for persons under what conditions are two person-stages stages in the life of a single person. In particular, what makes a particular person-stage a continuation of me as I am right now? Background desiderata: an account of personal identity should allow for the possibility of anticipation and memory, i.e., of individual psychological connections between different person stages. It should also allow us to justify our practices of

October 22, 2001 Personal IdentityⅢ . Review soul criterion and body criterion Soul criterion: x is the same person as y iff and y have the same soul. Problems: i)There is no way to establish body-soul correlations; and no way to establish personality correlations. So soul criterion doesn't make sense of our practices of recognizing and identifying people ii)We have no special access to souls, so even in our own case we can't be sure it's the same soul \inside\ us whenever we are conscious. ii) The problem of identity is \pushed back\: what is it for person-stage x to have the same soul as person-stage y? What makes for sameness of souls? Body criterion: x is the same person as y iff x and y have the same living human body

24.00: Problems of Philosophy Prof. Sally Haslanger November 7, 2001 Freewill IlI: Libertarianism I. Recap: Compatibilism v. Incompatibilism Hard determinism is the view that determinis is true and that because of this freedom is an illusion. The libertarian agrees with the hard determinist that freewill is incompatible with determinism, but disagrees about which claim should be rejected. The libertarian holds that we have free will, but this is only because determinism is false-free acts occur and are undetermined. The hard determinist and the libertarian are both incompatibilists. Soft determinism, also known as compatibilism, maintains that determinism is true, but also that determinism is