2.1概述 2.2水和冰的结构 2.3食品中水的存在形式 2.4水和溶质的相互作用 2.5水分活度和吸湿等温线 2.6分子的流动性和食品的稳定性 2.7水分含量和水分活度的测定

糖类化合物是自然界分布广泛、数量最多的有机化合物,是食品的主要组成 成分之一,也是绿色植物光合作用的直接产物。自然界的生物物质中,糖类化合 物约占3/4,从细菌到高等动物都含有糖类化合物,植物体中含量最丰富,约占 其干重的85%~90%,其中又以纤维素最为丰富。其次是节肢动物,如昆虫、蟹 和虾外壳中的壳多糖(甲壳质) 糖类化合物的分子组成可用Cn(H2O)通式表示,统称为碳水化合物

酶(enzyme)是一类具有很强催化活性的蛋白质,存在于一切生物体内, 由生物细胞合成,并参与新陈代谢有关的化学反应。所以,在食品中涉及到 许多酶催化的反应,它们对食品的品质产生需宜或不需宜的影响和变化,例 如,水果、蔬菜的成熟,加工和贮藏过程中的酶促褐变引起的颜色变化、某 些风味物质的形成、水果中淀粉和果胶物质的降解,肉类和奶制品的熟化, 以及发酵生产的酒精饮料等

风味化学通常被认为是食品化学中采用气相色谱法和快速扫描质谱法而 发展起来的一门新分支。早期经典化学方法也曾较好地应用于某些风味研究, 特别是在香精油和香料提取物方面的应用。 风味是指以人口腔为主的感觉器官对食品产生的综合感觉(嗅觉、味觉、 视觉、触觉)。鼻腔粘膜的嗅觉细胞对痕量挥发性气体具有察觉能力,口腔中 的味蕾主要分布于舌表面的味乳头中,一小部分分布于软颚、咽喉与咽部, 使人能够察觉到甜、酸、咸和苦味

第一节食品化学与分析的研究内容 第二节食品化学发展史 第三节食品化学的研究方法 第三节食品化学研究现状及展望

脂类是生物体内一大类微溶于水,能溶于有机溶剂(如氯仿、乙醚、丙 酮、苯等)的重要有机化合物。脂类主要有脂肪(三酰甘油)磷脂、糖脂、固 醇等,这些脂类不但化学结构有差异,而且具有不同的生物功能。三酰甘油占 动植物脂类的99%。根据在室温下的存在状态,习惯上将固体状态的三酰甘油 称为脂肪,液体状态称为油,它们是生物体内重要的贮存能量的形式。在机体 表面的脂类有防止机械损伤和防止热量散发的作用。磷脂、糖脂、固醇等是构 成生物膜的重要物质

ow that we've reviewed the various bonding models, we are ready to examine organic compounds in respect to their structure, reactions, properties, and appli cations. Were we to list the physical and chemical properties of each of the more than million organic compounds separately, it would tax the capacity of even a pow- erful computer. Yet someone who is trained in organic chemistry can simply look at the structure

Ikenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond. A car- bon-carbon double bond is both an important structural unit and an important functional group in organic chemistry. The shape of an organic molecule is influ- enced by the presence of this bond, and the double bond is the site of most of the chem- ical reactions that alkenes undergo. Some representative alkenes include isobutylene(an industrial chemical), a-pinene (a fragrant liquid obtained from pine trees), and farnesene (a naturally occurring alkene with three double bonds

rganometallic compounds are compounds that have a carbon-metal bond; they lie at the place where organic and inorganic chemistry meet. You are already familiar with at least one organometallic compound, sodium acetylide (NaC=CH), which has an ionic bond between carbon and sodium. But just because a compound contains both a metal and carbon isn't enough to classify it as organometal-

the preceding chapter you learned that nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl group is one of the fundamental reaction types of organic chemistry. In addition to its own reactivity, a carbonyl group can affect the chemical properties of aldehydes and ketones in other ways. Aldehydes and ketones are in equilibrium with their enol isomers