对策论 本章来介绍对策论(game theory) 对策是有厉害冲突的各方所分别采取的决策对策论,亦称为博弈论,研究具有对抗、竞争、冲突性质的问题 对策论的思想古已有之,如我国战国时期的“齐王与田忌赛马”最早利用数学方法来研究对策论的是数学家E. Zermelo,他于1912年发表了论文《关于集合论在象棋对策中的应用》.1944年

(一)封闭性询间 1、通常使用“是不是”、“对不对”、“要不要”、“有没有”等词,而回答也是“是”、“否”式的简单答案。 2、功能:这种询问常用来收集资料并加以条理化,澄清事实,获取重点,缩小讨论范围。当求助者的叙述偏离正题时,用来适当地终止其叙述

通过本章知识的学习,学生应能初步了解比较行政学的研究对象、课程性质以及本课程开设的目的和功用,并对比较行政学的研究和发展现状有较全面的了解。 • 一、比较行政学的定义 • 二、比较行政学的特点 • 三、比较行政学的研究对象 • 四、比较行政学的基本功能

第五章农村产业结构与农业生产结构 第一节农村产业结构 第二节主要农业生产部门的发展与粮食问题 第三节农业生产结构

次贷危机( subprime lending crisis)又称次级房贷危机,也译为次债危机。它是指一场发生在美国,因次 级抵押贷款机构破产、投资基金被迫关闭、股市剧烈震荡引起的风暴。它致使全球主要金融市场隐约岀现 流动性不足危机。美国“次贷危机”是从2006年春季开始逐步显现的。2007年8月席卷美国、欧盟和日本 等世界主要金融市场

The PD Process coordinates the specific research activities such as product design, process development, engineering plant design, marketing strategy and desig with the aim of producing an integrated approach to the development of new products. The overall aim is to create a product that an individual consumer or a food manufacturing company or food service organisation will buy. The two parts of product development-the knowledge of the consumer's needs/wants and the knowledge of modern scientific discoveries and technological

Product development does not occur in isolation as a separate functional activity. It is a company philosophy, a basic company strategy and a multifunctional company activity. In recent years to show this all-encompassing basis, bringing together product, process, marketing and organisational innovations, there has been development of an overall innovation strategy. This innovation strategy is related to the company's overall business aims and strategy, as well as the social, economic and technological environment, and the company's own knowledge and skills. The business strategy also includes a duct strategy outlining the products of the future. The combination of the innovation and product strategies is the basis for the product development strategy, and from this can be developed

一、固体废物的定义 固体废物（solid wastes）亦称废物，是指人类在生产、加工、流通、消费以及生活等过 程中提取所需目的成分之后，所丢弃的固态或泥浆状的物质。 随着人类社会文明的发展，人们在索取和利用自然资源从事生产和生活活动时，由于客观 条件的限制，总要把其中的一部分作为废物丢弃。另外，由于各种产品本身也有其使用寿命， 超过了寿命期限，也会成为废物

目前，水资源短缺和水环境污染造成的水危机已经成为我国社会经济发展的重要制约因素， 为此，必须采用保护和利用相协调的水资源开采利用模式，通过对污水的净化和水体保护，使水 资源不再受到破坏并能实现良性的再生循环。没有水的可持续利用和保护，社会经济的可持续发 展就不可能实现

Consumers are the centre of product development in the food industry, directly in the design of consumer products and indirectly in the design of commodity products and industrial products. In industrial product development, the emphasis is on the immediate customer, but consideration needs to be given to the acceptance of the final product by the consumer. It is important in product development to understand basic consumer behaviour and food choice as well as the individual product/consumer relationship(Earle, 1997). Differences among