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Ch. 23 Cointegration 1 Introduction An important property of (1) variables is that there can be linear combinations of theses variables that are I(O). If this is so then these variables are said to be cointegrated. Suppose that we consider two variables Yt and Xt that are I(1) (For example, Yt= Yt-1+ St and Xt= Xi-1+nt.)Then, Yt and Xt are said to be cointegrated if there exists a B such
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Ch. 2 Probability Theory 1 Descriptive Study of Data 1.1 Histograms and Their Numerical Characteristics By descriptive study of data we refer to the summarization and exposition(tab- ulation, grouping, graphical representation) of observed data as well as the derivation of numerical characteristics such as measures of location, dispersion and shape
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Ch. 4 Asymptotic Theory From the discussion of last Chapter it is obvious that determining the dis- tribution of h(X1, X2, . . Xr) is by no means a trival exercise. It turns out that more often than not we cannot determine the distribution exactly. Because of the importance of the problem, however, we are forced to develop approximations the subject of this Chapter
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Ch. 6 The Linear model under ideal conditions The(multiple) linear model is used to study the relationship between a dependent variable(Y) and several independent variables(X1, X2, ,Xk). That is ∫(X1,X2,…,Xk)+ E assume linear function 1X1+B2X2+…+6kXk+E xB+ where Y is the dependent or explained
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Ch.8 Nonspherical Disturbance This chapter will assume that the full ideal conditions hold except that the covari- ance matrix of the disturbance, i.e. E(EE)=02Q2, where Q is not the identity matrix. In particular, Q may be nondiagonal and / or have unequal diagonal ele- ments Two cases we shall consider in details are heteroscedasticity and auto-
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毫无疑问贸易保护对世界福利是一种损害,但如何才能消除贸易壁垒实现自由贸易 呢?我们在前一章已经指出,寄希望于各国自觉采取单边贸易自由化是行不通的,必须各国 达成共识,一起采取行动,才能最终实现自由贸易。但是根据博弈论的观点,国家数目越多, 达成合作结果就越困难,反之当国家数目较少时,就比较容易达成合作
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一、拟合优度检验 二、方程显著性检验 三、变量显著性检验
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一、异方差性的概念——违反基本假设的定义及违反的原因 二、异方差性的后果——违反基本假设会造成什么样的后果 三、异方差性的检验——怎样诊断是否违反基本假设 四、出现异方差时的补救措施——如何消除或减弱对基本假设的违反 五、案例
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补救序列相关的基本思路 变换存在序列相关的模型,使变换后的新模 型具有无序列相关的随机误差项,这样新模 型满足基本假设,那么运用OLS进行估计以 及进行检验,就能得到理想可信的结果。 从随机误差项入手—变序列相关的随机误差 项为无序列相关的
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线性回归模型和一元线性回归模型
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