历史上,一起持续时间最长而且耗资昂贵的反托拉斯案件发生在1969年。 这年,美国政府指控IBM“企图垄断和已经垄断了洲际贸易和商业通用计算 机,从而违反了谢尔曼法第二条。”根据IBM的经济学家统计,IBM在美国销 售电子数据程序产品和提供劳务中所得的收益份额如下:

In the deliberations of scholars, policy analysts, and policy makers, power and influence. Yet the historical record shows that television has not changed the economics of attention not merely a fluke or just ironic. It points to a major impediment to the development of information societies. State-owned-and-controlled media can be an important policy lever for overcoming this opposition

Mission of Economists Gary Becker: believe that the main purpose of economics is to understand and help to alleviate poverty\ Who are the poor? How can one help?

Chapter 10 includes: 10. 1 Introduction to Factor Market 10.2 The market demand for the factors of Production 10.3 Labor Market equilibrium 10. 4 Other Factors of Production -Land and Capital 10.5 Monopoly and monopsony power in the labour market

Choosing a Topic Start with a general area or set of questions Make sure you are interested in the topic Use on-line services such as EconLit to investigate past work on this topic Narrow down your topic to a specific question or issue to be investigated Work through the theoretical issue Economics 20-Prof. Anderson

第一章 公共部门的经济活动 第二章 外部效应 第三章 公共物品或服务 第四章 公共选择 第五章 公共支出 第六章 公共预算：决策及其经济分析 第七章 公共收入 第八章 税收原则 第9章 税种分类与税制结构 第10章 税收效应 第11章 税收的转嫁与归宿 第12章 公债的运用与管理 第13章 财政乘数与财政政策 第14章 公债管理与宏观经济调控

Testing for Unit roots Consider an AR(1): y=a+p +e,t Let Ho: p=1, (assume there is a unit root) Define 0=p-1 and subtract y, from both sides to obtain Ay,=a+ B+e, Unfortunately, a simple t-test is inappropriate, since this is an I(1) process ADickey-Fuller Test uses the t-statistic, but different critical values Economics 20- Prof anderson

Simultaneity Simultaneity is a specific type of endogeneity problem in which the explanatory variable is jointly determined with the dependent variable 2 As with other types of endogeneity, IV estimation can solve the problem o Some special issues to consider with simultaneous equations modelS(SEM) Economics 20- Prof anderson

Fixed Effects estimation When there is an observed fixed effect. an alternative to first differences is fixed effects estimation Consider the average over time of y Bx1+…+Bxik+a1+l The average of a, will be ai so if you subtract the mean. a will be differenced out just as when doing first differences Economics 20- Prof anderson

Time series vs Cross sectional e Time series data has a temporal ordering unlike cross-section data Will need to alter some of our assumptions to take into account that we no longer have a random sample of individuals Instead. we have one realization of a stochastic(i.e. random) process Economics 20- Prof anderson