Commercial drivers Globalization trends Longer distances between producers and consumers Emerging markets, e.g. China, South America, Africa Lean manufacturing Focus on to eliminate waste, e.g. JIT Faster response to market demands
The vast majority of games of interest in economics, finance, political economy etc. involve some form of payoff uncertainty. A simple but interesting example is provided by auctions: an object is offered for sale, and individuals are required to submit their bids in sealed envelopes. The object is then allocated to the highest bidder at a price which depends on every bid, according to some prespecified rule (e.g. \first-price\ or \second-price\rule). In many circumstances (e.g. mineral rights auctions)it is reasonable to assume that the value
Experiments show that a charged particle moving in a magnetic field experiences a force F=Q(v×B) Q-the charge of the particle, v-the velocity of the particle(vector), B-the magnetic field. there is also an electric field, the force acting on the particle is F=Q(E+v×B)
