一、确定性(Certainty):对于未来结果拥有完全的信息。 二、风险(Risk):知道未来可能的结果,并可以对每种结果赋予概率。 三、不确定性(Uncertainty):不知道准确的结果及其概率

Lean Transformation: A Business Case Pressure Exists From Investment Community For Companies To Grow Earnings

Contents Introduction Reading Stock Listings The Discounted Dividend model Earnings and Investment Opportunities A Reconsideration of the Price/Earnings Multiple Approach Does Dividend Policy Affect Shareholder Wealth?

Chapter 4 Contents Compounding Perpetual Annuities Frequency of Compounding Loan Amortization Present Value and Exchange Rates and Time Discounting Value of Money Alternative Discounted Inflation and Discounted Cash Flow Decision Rules Cash Flow Analysis Multiple Cash Flows Taxes and Investment Annuities

第一节对外经济核算概述(☆ Section 1 The summary ofof external trahsactions account 第二节国外账户 Section 2 The external account 第三节国际收支平衡表 Section The Balance ofPayments Manual 第四节国际投资状况表 Section 4 The Balance of International investment

7-1: The IS Relation in the open Economy 7-2: Equilibrium Output and the Trade Balance 7-3. Increases in Demand, Domestic or Foreign 7-4: Depreciation, the Trade Balance,and output 7-5: Looking at Dynamics: The J-Curve 7-6: Saving, Investment, and Trade Deficits

一、投资者关注所投资的证券的风险和期望收益，无风险利率作为评价投资机会的基准。 二、无风险利率作为投资的比较标准：投资决策的第一原则(the first principle of investment)

投资银行是一种有别与商业银行的新型金融中介机构，是资本市场的灵魂。它虽然冠以“银 行”的名称，但是和一般意义的银行并不相同。一般商业银行主要经营吸收存款、发放贷款、 结算、汇兑等业务，而投资银行主要从事证券发行与承销、证券交易、策划并组织企业并购、 参与基金管理与投资、风险投资以及为企业投资融资提供咨询和顾问等金融服务类业务，以其 画龙点睛之笔，为资本运作提供中介服务，是资本市场上的一种非银行金融中介机构

4.1 投资公司 4.2 投资公司的类型 4.3 共同基金 4.4 共同基金的投资成本 4.5 共同基金收入的税负 4.6 交易所交易基金 4.7 共同基金投资业绩 4.8 共同基金的信息

(Continued with question 1 in exercise for chapter 3). Suppose instead of given 2000 there is an investment function which takes the form