20.1 Introduction 20.2 Eukaryotic RNA polymerases consist of many subunits 20.3 Promoter elements are defined by mutations and footprinting 20.4 RNA polymerase I has a bipartite promoter 20.5 RNA polymerase III uses both downstream and upstream promoters 20.6 The startpoint for RNA polymerase II 20.7 TBP is a universal factor 20.8 TBP binds DNA in an unusual way

28.1 Introduction 28.2 Transforming viruses carry oncogenes 28.3 Early genes of DNA transforming viruses have multifunction oncogenes 28.4 Retroviruses activate or incorporate cellular genes 28.5 Retroviral oncogenes have cellular counterparts 28.6 Ras oncogenes can be detected in a transfection assay 28.7 Ras proto-oncogenes can be activated by mutation at specific positions 28.8 Nondefective retroviruses activate proto-oncogenes 28.9 Proto-oncogenes can be activated by translocation 28.10 The Philadelphia translocation generates a new oncogene 28.11 Oncogenes code for components of signal transduction cascades 28.12 Growth factor receptor kinases can be mutated to oncogenes 28.13 Src is the prototype for the proto-oncogenic cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases 28.14 Oncoproteins may regulate gene expression 28.15 RB is a tumor suppressor that controls the cell cycle 28.16 Tumor suppressor p53 suppresses growth or triggers apoptosis

2.1 Introduction We can think about mapping genes and genomes at several levels of resolution: A genetic (or linkage) map identifies the distance between mutations in terms of recombination frequencies. A linkage map can also be constructed by measuring recombination between sites in genomic DNA

一、突变的分子基础 二、重组的分子基础 三、转座遗传因子 四、DNA损伤的修复

一、填空题 1.核酸的基本结构单位是________________。 2.DNA 双螺旋中只存在________________种不同碱基对。T 总是与________________配对，C 总是与________________配对

第一节 概述 第二节 核酸的组成 第三节 DNA的结构 第四节 RNA的结构 第五节 核酸及核苷酸的性质 第六节 核酸的分离提取与纯化

本属只有一种，即猪丹毒丝菌，是猪丹毒病 的病原体，通称猪丹毒杆 菌。DNA 的G 十 Cmol/%为36～40。 形态与染色 本菌为直或稍弯曲的细杆菌， 两端钝圆，大小0.2～0.4um×0.8～2.5um，单 在或呈V形、堆状或短链排列，易形成长丝状。 G+，在老龄培养物中菌体着色能力较差，常呈 阴性。无鞭毛、无荚膜、不产生芽孢

霉形体又译作支原体，是一类无细胞壁的细菌， 细胞柔软，高度多形性，能通过细菌滤器，能 在无细胞的人工培养基中生长繁殖，含有DNA 和RNA，以二分裂或芽生方式繁殖

Lecture 2 1.5 The Historical Roots of Microbiology 1.6 Microbial Diversity and the Advent ofMolecular Microbiology 2.1 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure 2.2 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells 2.3 The Tree of Life

第一节 质粒载体 第二节 噬菌体载体 第三节 大分子DNA克隆载体 第四节 病毒载体 第五节 基因打靶载体（Targeting vector） 第六节 用于基因转移的受体菌或细胞 各种基因工程受体的特性 实验室常用的基因工程受体 受体细胞应具备的条件