The drying operation is often the final step of a manufacturing process. Indirect drying will be discussed in this section; it is the process of removing liquid by conductive heat transfer. Sometimes drymg is apart ofthe manufacturing process itself, as in the case of seasoning oftimber or in paper making, but generally, the reasons for carrying out a drying operation are:

Crystallization is one of the oldest methods known for recovering pure solids from a solution. The Chinese, for example, were using crystallization to recover common salt from water some 5000 years ago. The perfection and beauty of the crystal which fascinated the early tribes now leads to a product of high purity and attractive appearance

Often in multiple-effect evaporators the concentration of the liquid being evaporated changes drastically from effect to effect, especially in the latter effects. In such cases, this phenomenon can be used to advantage by staging one or more of the latter effects. Staging is the operation of an effect by maintaining

The engineer designing an ion exchange column operation usually will prefer to work with the simplest kinetic model and linear driving force approximations. The weakness ofthis approach is that any driving force law only regards the momentary exchange rate as a hnction of the solute concentration in the bulk solution and the average concentration in the particle, neglecting the effect of concentration profiles in the particle

Cross-flow filtration (CFF) also known as tangential flow filtration is not of recent origin. It began with the development of reverse osmosis (RO) more than three decades ago. Industrial RO processes include desalting of sea water and brackish water, and recovery and purification of some fermentation products. The cross-flow membrane filtration technique was next applied to the concentration and fractionation ofmacromolecules commonly recognized

The introduction of fluidfoil impellers, as shown in Fig. 9a through 9f, give a wide variety of mixing conditions suitable for high flow and low fluid shear rates. Fluidfoil impellers use the principles developed in airfoil work in wind tunnels for aircraft. Figure 10a shows what is desirable, which is no form separation of the fluid, and maximum lift and drag coefficients, which is what one is trying to achieve with the fluidfoil impellers. Figure 10b shows

Fluid mixing is essential in fermentation processes. Usually the most critical steps in which mixers are used are in the aerobic fermentation process. However, mixers are also used in many auxiliary places in the fermentation process and there are places also for agitation in anaerobic fermentation steps

Specific nutritional requirements of microorganisms used in industrial fermentation processes are as complex and varied as the microorganisms in question. Not only are the types of microorganisms diverse (bacteria, molds and yeast, normally), but the species and strains become very specific as to their requirements

Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook microorganisms, mammalian cells, plant cells, and tissue. It is our sincere hope that the reader will find this chapter helpful in determining the best conditions for cultivation and the collection of scale-up data. Hopehlly, this knowledge will, in turn, facilitate the transformation of worthwhle research

1.免疫球蛋白的基本概念、分布、结构与组成 2.牛乳中的免疫球蛋白 3.免疫球蛋白的生物学功能 4.乳铁蛋白的基本性质、生物活性及其影响因素 5.乳铁蛋白的分离方法