I THE EVIDENCE ON CONVERGENCE A Formal Legal Change B The Structure of Share Ownership C The Growth of European Stock Markets D The Emergence of an International Market for Corporate Control E A Preliminary Evaluation F The Status of the Insider-Dominated Firm II WHEN DOES SEPARATION OF OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL ARISE? A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE A The United States Experience 1 The Role of Investment Bankers 2 The New York Stock Exchange as Guardian of the Public Investor B The British Experience C A Civil-Law Contrast: The French Experience D The German Experience: Statist Intervention That Stunted the M arket E A Preliminary Summary III\ DOES LAW MATTER?\ RECONSIDERED A Law and the Decentralized Common-Law World B The Sequence of Legal Change: Reinterpreting LLS&V 1 The United States Experience 2 The Global Experience C The Political Theory of Dispersed Ownership D Implications for Transitional Economies IV C ONCLUSION
16.322 Stochastic Estimation and Control Professor Vander Velde 1. P(ABCD.=P(A)P(B A)P(C|AB)P(D 1 ABC) Derive this by letting A=CD. Then P(BCD)= P(CD)P(B ICD)= P(C)P(DIC)P(DICD) 2. If A,, A2r.. is a set of mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive events, then
1 Motivation The Poisson problem has a strong formulation a minimization formulation and a weak formulation T weak formulations are more general than the strong formulation in terms of regularity and admissible data SLIDE 2 The minimization/weak formulations are defined by: a space X; a bilinear The minimization/weak formulations identify ESSENTIAL boundary conditions NATURAL boundary conditions ed in a The points of departure for the finite element method are the weak formulation(more generally) the minimization statement (if a is SPD) 2 The dirichlet problem 2.1 Strong Formulation Find u such that
1 The Number-Picking Game Here is a game that you and I could play that reveals a strange property of expectation. 3, First, you think of a probability density function on the natural numbers. Your distri- bution can be absolutely anything you like. For example, you might choose a uniform distribution on 1, 2, ... 6, like the outcome of a fair die roll. Or you might choose a bi- probability, provided that,...,n. You can even give every natural number a non-zero nomial distribution on 0, 1 he sum of all probabilities is 1
